程朱理学“仁体孝用论”的批评与重构

Criticism and Reconstruction of Cheng and Zhu′s Theory of Benevolence and Filial Piety

仁孝关系问题在宋代被提出后,一直争论不休。程朱理学构建"仁体孝用论",将仁与天地之心、生生之仁相结合,确立仁为第一原理;同时,认为孝悌是仁体发用的情感,是行仁的第一件事。心学与清儒对"仁体孝用论"均有独到批评,是纠正程朱理学的弊端与重构仁孝关系的重要思想资源。心学指出孝悌是不虑而知、不学而能的良知良能,并提出仁孝一体化,将孝悌提高至本心本性的地位。清儒从思想史上梳理宋代之前均主张孝悌是仁之本;从训诂学上论证本末不是始终,并放弃体用论而对仁进行去形而上学化;从孟子学中另寻判断标准,主张仁孝是名实关系。基于程朱理学"仁体孝用论"的框架,结合心学与清儒的有效批评,有必要重构孝悌的心、性、情架构,展现孝悌的特殊性与工夫、教化的重要性。

Since the issue of benevolence and filial piety was put forward in Song Dynasty,it has been debated.Cheng and Zhu’s theory of benevolence and filial piety combined benevolence with the heart of heaven and earth and the benevolence of life,and established benevolence as the first principle.Meanwhile,they believed that filial piety were the emotions of benevolence and the first thing to do.Both the school of mind and the Confucians of Qing Dynasty criticized the theory of benevolence and filial piety,which was an important ideological resource to correct the defects of Cheng and Zhu’s Neo-confucianism and reconstruct the relationship between benevolence and filial piety.The school of mind pointed out that filial piety were the conscience and good ability without consideration and without learning.They also put forward the integration of benevolence and filial piety to raise filial piety to its original nature.The scholars of Qing Dynasty advocated filial piety as the foundation of benevolence before the Song Dynasty from the ideological history.They gave up the theory on substance-function and de-metaphysicized benevolence.And from Mencius′studies,they found another criterion for judging and advocated that benevolence and filial piety were the relationship between name and reality.Based on the framework of Cheng and Zhu′s theory of benevolence and filial piety,combined with the effective criticism of the school of mind and Confucianism in Qing Dynasty,it is necessary to reconstruct the structure of heart,nature and emotion of filial piety and show the particularity of filial piety and the importance of diligence and education.