从晚期资本主义到金融资本主义——哈贝马斯危机分析模式的当代价值

From Late Capitalism to Financialized Capitalism: Transformation and Application of Habermas’ Crisis Theory

哈贝马斯的危机分析模式对把握当代资本主义有重要价值。他指出国家在晚期资本主义对经济的介入并不能根除经济危机,而是使得经济危机向政治系统和文化系统转移,产生了合理性危机、合法化危机和动机危机。这一模式后经弗雷泽改造被用于分析金融资本主义。弗雷泽认为,金融资本主义时期所推行的新自由主义尽管促进了资本在全球范围内的扩张,但也损害了资本长期积累所依赖的公共权力,从而导致了合理性危机。然而,在新自由主义政治常识的过滤下,合理性危机所引发的合法化危机并没有围绕分配模式的改革,而是集中于社会认同理念之争。尽管哈贝马斯和弗雷泽的理论丰富了对资本主义的理解,但是他们弱化了经济在社会中的地位,从而偏离了将经济判定为社会基础的马克思主义。由此,如果要在马克思主义的指导下用该模式把握当代资本主义社会则需要发展马克思主义政治经济学,并以此为基础构建政治和文化理论。

Habermas theorized crisis of advanced capitalism.He revealed that despite economy being managed by state,crisis cannot be resolved.Rather,it shifted from economy to politics and to culture.Legitimation crisis and motivation crisis therefore emerged.His theory inspired Nancy Fraser who took financialized capitalism as her subject matter.However,with the decaying of advanced capitalism,the social conditions to which the theory of crisis by Habermas was available were transformed.Consequently,Fraser made difference to Habermas’theory.By cooperating Gramsci’s conception of hegemony with Habermas’crisis theory,she demonstrated that neoliberalism which contributes to the globalization of capital in financialized capitalism diminishes public power.Consequently,it hollows out the necessary condition for a sustained accumulation of capital.Given these,Fraser argued that financialized capitalism,especially America,confronts legitimation crisis.