明代京畿道的设置与运作研究

The Establishment and Operation of Jingji Dao in the Ming Dynasty

京畿道乃明代御史之差职,设置始于宣宗初年对御史刷卷制度的恢复和整顿。京畿道御史的差派初无定期,亦多有停搁,自成化九年定为三年一差后,该职的派遣逐渐稳定。京畿道专管照刷在京诸司文卷,刷卷流程大致包括点派御史、坐衙刷卷、都察院覆核与照磨官磨勘等环节。京畿道位居御史“大差之首”,其选任与迁转皆异于他差。明中期以后,京畿道并未随着地方刷卷的兼差化而裁并,仍然保持着专差的特点。京畿道的设置使得明代刷卷制度及在京衙门的监督体系更为完善,但是其职能受到权贵势力、政治风气、官僚政治等因素的影响,逐渐失去了“察奸弊、正违错”的作用,而以文书为中心的监察方式在运作过程中往往脱离实际,非但无益于实政,反而影响了御史本职的行使。

Jingji Dao(京畿道)as a commissioned position from the censor system of the Ming Dynasty started in the early years of Emperor Xuanzong.Since the ninth year of Emperor Chenghua’s reign,Jingji Dao was dispatched once in three years,and its function was gradually stabilized on the inspection of the official documents produced by the governmental branches located in the capital.Because of its distinguished importance,the dispatch of Jingji Dao continued even when the official document inspection in the other regions was merged into other tasks by the mid-Ming Dynasty.Generally speaking,the commission of Jingji Dao improved the function of the sensor system of the Ming Dynasty.Nevertheless,that function was more and more restricted due to the influence from powerful officials and other factors.