明代苏州宗族形态探研

A Study of the Form of Clan of Suzhou in the Ming Dynasty

明人追求通过修谱与祠祭表达祖先崇拜和宗族共同体的意识。明人的祖先祭祀,依据祭祖地点,可以划分为墓祭、家祭、祠祭。娄坚《徐氏宗谱序》分析了明代江南故家大族与谱牒不盛的问题,认为吴人不能聚族在于习俗的鄙、奢所造成的,强调通过宗族建设移风易俗。明代族谱更加盛行,表现出强烈的以谱法接济宗法的观念。苏州士大夫发扬光大了宋代范仲淹设置义田、义庄的传统,以此赡族进行宗族建设,官府倡导并保护义田与义庄,形成了不同于其他地区宗族形态的特色。明代苏州处于宗族组织化的新阶段。

The Ming people sought to express their ancestor worship and their sense of clan community through compiling genealogy and offering sacrifice to ancestors.The ancestor worship of the Ming people could be divided into tomb rituals,family rituals,and ancestral temple rituals according to the location of holding sacrifice.Lou Jian's(娄坚)Preface to the Genealogy of the Xu Family analyzed the reasons why the honorable families of Jiangnan(south of the Yangtze River)in the Ming Dynasty were not keen on compiling family trees.He argued that the inability of the people in Suzhou to gather together was caused by the contempt and extravagance of customs,and emphasized the transformation of customs through clan construction.Genealogy was more prevalent in the Ming Dynasty,showing a strong idea of using genealogy to strengthen the patriarchal clan system.The scholar-officials in Suzhou carried forward Fan Zhongyan s(范仲淹)tradition of setting up charity lands and free estate in the Song Dynasty,and used this kind of support for clan construction.The government advocated and protected charity lands and free estate,which formed the characteristics of clan formation different from that of the other regions.Suzhou in the Ming Dynasty was in a new stage of clan systematization.