罗马共和国后期行省治理的弊端与规范

Malpractice and Adjustment:the Administration of the Provinces in the late Roman Republic

行省治理是罗马共和国后期政治生活的一个重要内容,直接关乎共和政治的运作与国家的命运。然而,在行省治理过程中,作为实际治理者的罗马官员滥用权力,通过多种途径大肆搜刮钱财,成为行省治理中的首要弊病。为遏制这种弊病,规范行省治理,罗马当局围绕着官员搜刮钱财现象,不断加强法律建设,呈现出立法条款细致化、诉讼程序固定化以及惩处严厉化的倾向。但是,行省治理制度中总督权力缺乏制衡,荣誉任职的传统观念以及税收体系的混乱等因素为罗马官员滥用权力、非法敛财提供了条件,而相关法律实践过程面临着距离、语言、时间与经济成本等实际障碍,且法庭充斥着腐败与偏见,导致治理局面未因法律建设的加强而得以有效改善。行省治理的失当从行省与共和国政治两个层面加速了共和政治的失序,推动了内战的爆发,进而加速了罗马共和国的衰亡。

As an important aspect of Roman political life,the administration of the provinces played a key role in the stability of the Late Roman Republic.However,exploiting and plundering the provinces became a common phenomenon during the administration of Roman officials,which harmed the interest of both the provinces and the Republic.To check the malpractices,the Republic enacted a series of laws and reformed the rules of court.These measures did not work effectively because of the Roman old negative notion of the provinces and obstacles during the prosecution.The failed administration deteriorated the functions of the Roman political system,and gradually transformed the Republic to the Principate.