对海军“海上实际存在”国际法规则的理论探析——航行自由VS存在自由

Theoretical Discussion on the Rules of International Law of“Factual Naval Presence”:Freedom of Navigation vs Freedom of Presence

中美关于“航行自由”的争议,本质是对海军海上存在的争议。海军作为技术性、战略性和国际性军种,在全球海洋从事包括航行飞越在内的各种海空军事行动和活动,可概括表述为海军海上存在,是“自成一类”的人类海洋活动。国际社会很早就采用两条既彼此独立又相互交织的路径,对海军海上存在进行法律规制:一是在海域制度特别是领海制度中嵌入适用海军舰机的一般法律规则;另一是由少数海军大国或在特定海域或针对特定海军武备发展特殊法律规则。当今,调整海军海上存在的法律规则极度缺失并严重碎片化,仅有的规则严重落后于海军武备发展和时代和平要求。本文提出,必须在理论上剥开美国给海军海上存在设置的航行自由虚假包装。中国应在外交法理话语中摒弃“航行自由”,用“海洋命运共同体”超越“海洋丛林法则”,根据海军海上存在新情况,与海上邻国创制双边和地区海军海上实际存在规则,积极构建全球海军海上实际存在国际法规则体系。

The Sino-U.S.dispute over“freedom of navigation”is essentially a dispute over maritime presence.As a technical,strategic,and international military service,the navy is engaged in various maritime and air military operations and activities in the global oceans,including navigation and overflight,which can be summarized as maritime presence and is a“su generis”human maritime activity.The international community has long adopted two independent but intertwined paths to regulate maritime presence.One is to embed general legal rules applicable to naval vessels and aircrafts in the maritime regime,especially the territorial sea regime.The other is that a few naval powers develop special laws and regulations in specific sea areas or for specific naval armaments.Nowadays,the legal rules adjusting maritime presence are extremely deficient and severely fragmented.The only rules are seriously lagging behind the development of naval armaments and the peace requirements of the times.This article proposes that the false packaging of freedom of navigation that the United States has set for maritime presence must be stripped away theoretically.China should abandon“freedom of navigation”in the discourse of diplomatic jurisprudence,use“a community with a shared future for the sea”to surpass the“law of the jungle in the sea”,create bilateral and regional maritime presence rules based on new situations of maritime presence with her maritime neighbors,and actively push forward an international law system for factual naval presence in the globe.