中国传统村落有机体生长内在逻辑研究

Internal Logic of Organic Growth in Chinese Traditional Villages

芬兰生物学家格迪斯在1915年出版的著作《进化中的城市》中认为:"城市是一个活的有机体"。同样,村落也是一个鲜活的生命有机体。那么这个有机体到底有什么样的内在结构和生命逻辑?在以往的研究中,学者并未予以关注。文章认为,"户"是村落生命有机体的基本单位,是构成村落有机体的"细胞";"人"是居住在"细胞"空间中的细胞核,细胞核携带着遗传基因。在"人"的自我生产过程中,不断促使细胞分裂、繁殖,从而导致具有血缘纽带关系的机体组织的发育和生长,最终形成村落有机体;个体细胞的生长包括分裂、繁殖、死亡、再生、重组、侵入等多种生命形式。在结构上,村落有机体同样遵循细胞—组织—器官—有机体的生命结构。在机体组织的生长和发育过程中,细胞功能开始分化,某些细胞(空间)发育成为村落有机体的"器官",以整体大于个体的方式增加有机体生存能力的原则,接替或整合个体细胞中的某项管理功能,从而实现群体细胞的控制,达到群体细胞协作的一致性;按照马克思社会有机体理论,社会有机体包含"经济、政治、思想、血缘、伦理"五种关系,相对应的,文章认为,村落有机体具有"经济、政治、思想、血缘、伦理"五大器官,它们分别以"经济中心、行政中心、教化中心、宗祠、礼乐中心"形式表现出来,从而解读村落生命有机体生长的内在逻辑。

Geddes,a Finnish biologist,argues that the city is a living organism in his 1915 book,"The City of Evolution".Similarly,the village is a living organism.However,scholars did not paid attention to what the internal structure and logic of this organism is.This paper holds that"household"is the basic unit of the village living organism and the"cell"that constitutes the village organism,"human"is the"cell nucleus"that carries the genetic gene.In the self-production process of"human",it constantly promotes the cell division and reproduction,which leads to the development and growth of the organism tissues with blood ties,and finally forms the village organism.The growth of individual cells includes various life forms such as division,reproduction,death,regeneration,recombination,invasion and so on.The village organism also follows the life structure of the cell-tissue-organ-organism.In the process of growth and development of tissue,cell function begins to differentiate,some cells(space)develop into"organ"of an village organism,replace or integrate a certain management function of individual cell with the principle that the whole is greater than the individua on the increasement of organism survival ability,so as to realize the control of cellgroup and achieve the collaboration consistency of group cell.According to Marx’s theory of social organisms,the social organism includes economy,politics,thought,consanguinity and ethic.Correspondingly,this paper holds that the village organisms have five organs that are economy,politics,thought,consanguinity,ethic,which are expressed in the form of economic center,administrative center,education center,ancestral temple,ritual and music center,so as to interpret the internal logic of the growth of village living organisms.