21世纪初美国太空军控政策:从小布什政府到特朗普政府

U.S.Space Arms Control Policy in the Early 21st Century:From the Bush Administration to the Trump Administration

21世纪初,在太空裁军问题上,美国三届政府都拒绝与国际社会合作,反对达成有关太空军控的相关协议。在裁军谈判会议上,美国政府拒绝就中、俄提出的“防止在外空放置武器、对外空物体使用或威胁使用武力条约”(PPWT)等问题进行谈判,从而使裁谈会关于太空军控问题的谈判陷于僵局。虽然在太空透明与信任建设机制问题上,美国政府基本上不持反对立场,但由于其需要美国“安全例外”的行为准则,所以实质上仍是反对欧盟的太空行为准则。因此,三届政府都主张建立以美国主导的双边或多边太空透明与信任建设机制,单方面地推行美国标准的太空交通管理。而且,美国政府退出美俄双边条约,可以为发展有关太空军备卸下包袱。追求太空控制与太空行动自由的太空霸权、用太空武器应对中、俄等国太空实力的增强,以及把太空作为军事胜利的终极制高点,是美国政府反对太空军控、发展太空军备的政治和军事信条。美国拒绝太空军备控制倡议,将进一步加剧太空武器化程度,影响核裁军与核军控进程,同时对“2030年太空”议程产生负面影响。未来,实现太空军备控制仍然任重道远。

At the beginning of the 21st century,the three US administrations refused to cooperate with the international community on space disarmament issues and opposed to reaching agreements on space arms control.At the Conference on Disarmament,the U.S.government refused to negotiate on issues such as preventing a space arms race and the China-Russia PPWT,thus bringing the Conference's negotiations on space arms control to a standstill.On the other hand,the US government basically does not refuse the transparency and trust-building mechanisms in Space,but the US requires a"security exception"in code of conduct for space activities,and therefore essentially opposes the EU code of conduct in space,Therefore,the United States stands for the establishment of a bilateral or multilateral space transparency and trust-building mechanism led by the United States,and unilaterally promotes American standard space traffic management.Moreover,the US government withdrew from the US-Russia bilateral treaty to unburden the development of space-related arms.The pursuit of space hegemony of space control and freedom of space action,the use of space weapons to deal with the enhancement of the space power of China,Russia,and other countries,and the use of space as the ultimate High Ground of military victory are the political and military doctrines of the US government against space arms control.The United States'rejection of the space arms control initiative further exacerbates the weaponization of space,affects the process of nuclear disarmament and nuclear arms control,and has a negative impact on the"2030 space"agenda.In the future,there is still a long way to go to achieve space arms control.