“农轻重”还是“重轻农”--计划经济时期“五年计划”中农业政策制定与实施的逻辑

“Agriculture,Light Industry,Heavy Industry”Or“Heavy Industry,Light Industry,Agriculture”:the Logic of Agricultural Policy Formulation and Implementation in"The Five-Year Plan"Under the Planned Economy

本文探究了改革开放前历次五年计划中的农业政策,发现国家的政策更加倾向工业的发展,而对农业则有所忽视。在"大跃进"之前,五年计划的制定和执行都遵守了"重轻农"的次序安排,以发展重工业为计划工作的中心。在经历了“大跃进”之后,中央吸取了以前的经验教训,认识到了农业对于经济发展的重要作用,并提出了“农轻重”的国民经济次序安排。但是从执行的结果来看,“农轻重”的安排在当时无法得到贯彻实施。究其原因,本文认为有以下三个因素:第一,对马克思经济理论的理解不够透彻,产生了教条式的思维;第二,计划经济体制与农业发展相互抵触;第三,中国特殊的央地关系进一步明确和放大了政策对工业的倾斜和对农业的忽视。本文对计划经济时期农业政策和工业政策关系的考察,对目前的政策制定也有一定现实意义。

After exploring the agricultural policies in the Five-Year Plans before the Reformand Opening Up,we find that national policies are more inclined to the development of industry,while neglecting agriculture.Before the Great Leap Forward,the formulation andimplementation of the FiveYear Plan followed the order of“heavy industry,light industry,agriculture”,and focused on the development of heavy industry.After the Great LeapForward,the central government learned a lesson from previous experience,recognized theimportant role of agriculture in economic development,and then proposed the new national eco-nomic order of“agriculture,light industry,heavy industry”.However,judging from theresults,the arrangement of“agriculture,light industry,heavy industry”could not be implemented at that time.Considering the reasons,we think there are three factors:First,the understanding of Marx’s economic theory is not thorough enough,which leads to the dogmatic thinking.Second,there is conflict between planned economy and agricultural develop-ment. Third,China’s special central-local relationship clarifies and magnifies the policy'spreference for industry and its neglect of agriculture.The investigation of the relationshipbetween agricultural policy and industrial policy under the planned economy system also hassome implications for current policy formulation.