古代日本传统稻作技术研究:兼与中国方面的比较

Traditional Rice Cultivation Technology in Ancient Japan:A Comparison with China

古代日本传统稻作相比中国方面具有发展周期长、精细化水平高、环境适应性强、注重生态保护等特点。就其技术内容而言,历史上选育种技术的进步极大丰富了日本的水稻品种,同时也为日本特有的"换种种植"提供了可能;育秧移栽技术的发展实现了播种量与插秧密度由密到疏的转变,人们对于水稻秧龄已能进行合理调控,并且建立起了能够充分适应暖地与寒地、山地与平原等不同地域环境的技术体系;其肥料技术、田间管理技术以及收获加工技术与古代中国相比虽具有一定的同源性,但仍不乏日本古人对相关技术的改良与创新,其深海鱼肥施用、暗渠排水技术、寒地水温调控、鲸鱼油防治虫害、多样化中耕方法等措施极具日本地方特色。实践证明,日本的传统稻作技术是富有成效的,其基于"稀播、长育、疏植、少本栽插"等核心理念构建起来的传统稻作技术对于发展现代有机农业依然具有十分重要的生态价值和借鉴意义。

Compared with China,traditional rice cultivation in ancient Japan had the characteristics as follows:long period of development cycle,high level of delicacy management,strong ability of environmental adaptability,full emphasis on ecological protection,and soon.As far as its technical content is concerned,advances in seeds selection and breedingtechnologies in history have on the one hand greatly enriched Japanese rice varieties,and onthe other hand provided the possibility of a unique Japanese technology of“exchange-planting”.The development of seedling transplanting technology helped the transformation ofthe sowing volume and seedling density dense to sparse,which boosted a reasonable regulation the age of rice,and forwardly established a technical system that can fully adapt to different regional environments such as warm and cold regions,and mountains and plains areas.Compared with ancient China,there existed some homology in the Japanese technologies onfertilizer,field management,harvesting and processing to some extent;however,there stillexisted many improvements and innovations in relevant technologies promoted by the ancientJapanese,who had some unique Japanese local measures such as application of deepsea fishfertilizer,culvert drainage technology,water temperature regulation in cold regions,pest-controller made of whale oil,and diversification measures in cultivating.Practice has provedthat the traditional rice cultivation technology in Japan is effective,whose traditional ricecultivation technologies,which were based on the core concepts of“sparse seeding,long-term cultivation,scattered planting and limited transplanting”,has still been of great ecological value and implications for the development of modern organic agriculture.