不同栽培模式下东北春玉米产量与肥料效率的差异

The Variances of Yield, Nutrient Accumulation and Fertilizer Utilization Efficiency under Different Cultivation Modes of Spring Maize in the Northeastern Region of China

2016~2018年在吉林省公主岭市和乾安县进行田间试验,设置高产高效栽培模式(OPT)和农户栽培模式(FP),并分别设置减氮(OPT-N、FP-N)、减磷(OPT-P、FP-P)和减钾(OPT-K、FP-K)处理。系统研究玉米产量、干物质和养分积累分配特征以及肥料利用效率等对不同栽培模式的响应。结果表明,(1)OPT模式在较FP模式减施氮、磷、钾肥23.1%、38.0%、18.2%(公主岭)和8.3%、28.6%、13.0%(乾安)的条件下,玉米产量平均提高9.6%(公主岭)和14.3%(乾安)。(2)与FP模式相比,OPT模式显著提高了玉米吐丝期至成熟期的群体干物质和氮、磷、钾积累量。(3)OPT模式较FP模式显著提高玉米氮、磷、钾利用效率,氮、磷、钾吸收利用率平均增加49.2%、64.3%、42.1%(公主岭)和28.5%、46.7%、55.9%(乾安),农学利用率平均增加75.1%、115.1%、50.9%(公主岭)和46.2%、113.9%、79.5%(乾安)。(4)综上所述,通过增加种植密度、优化氮、磷、钾用量及分期调控等管理措施,保证玉米吐丝期后对养分的需求,可实现东北地区玉米产量和效率的协同提升。

The field experiments were carried out in Gongzhuling city and Qian′an county of Jilin province from2016 to 2018. Two modes including high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation(OPT) and farmers′ practice cultivation(FP) were comprehensively set up. And there were applied with nitrogen reduction fertilizer(OPT-N, FP-N),phosphorus reduction fertilizer(OPT-P, FP-P), and potassium reduction fertilizer(OPT-K, FP-K) treatments. The responses of maize yield, dry matter and nutrient accumulation and distribution characteristics and fertilizer utilization efficiency to different cultivation patterns were systematically studied. The results showed that:(1) The maize yields of OPT mode were increased by 9.6%(Gongzhuling city) and 14.3%(Qian′an county) than FP mode, respectively. While the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application rates of OPT mode decreased by 23.1%, 38.0%,18.2%(Gongzhuling city) and 8.3%, 28.6%, 13.0%(Qian′an county) than FP mode, respectively.(2) Compared with FP mode, OPT mode significantly increased dry matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulations of maize population, and increased the distribution proportion from silking time to maturing stage.(3) OPT mode significantly increased nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium utilization efficiency of maize than FP mode. In conclusion,by increasing the planting density, optimizing the use of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other management measures to ensure the demands for nutrients after silking time, the maize yield and efficiency in northeast China can be synergistic improved.