自动驾驶车辆在美国国内实际运行中的限制因素评估及对策研究

Constraints Evaluation and Countermeasures Exploration in Practical Implementation of Autonomous Vehicles in the US

为了评估自动驾驶车辆正式运行阶段遇到的限制因素及探索形成稳定的服务形态所需的配套措施,通过总结、解读美国国内的试运行实例,尤其是结合弗吉尼亚州试运行项目中的经验教训,分析存在的限制因素并以此为基础探索对策。研究表明,试运行阶段暴露出项目成本高昂、配套交通规划及政策缺失、公众接受度未知、数据安全隐患较大等诸多制约因素。因此,正式运行阶段需合理应对这些限制因素,多方的协作不可或缺。政府相关部门需要提供多元化的资助渠道,同时通过立法对运营准入制度进行规范,并强化不同事故场景下的责任认定;交通规划和交通政策的制定应富有远见;车辆生产商应优化车辆购买流程,降低维护和服务成本;服务运营方需要完善数据的收集、分享政策,提高公众及其他利益相关者的参与度。

In order to evaluate the constraints of autonomous vehicles at the formal operating phase and explore the necessary supporting measures for forming stable service mode in the future,the trial operation logs,documents,and official reports of existing precedents among several pioneering states in the US,especially the early lesson-learned from a pilot project in Fairfax County,Virginia,were analyzed and summarized,thus the existing constraints and countermeasures were explored.In conclusion,several constraints were exposed in those pilot projects,such as high expenses,few corresponding transportation planning and policies,limited public acceptance,as well as questionable data security and privacy.The result shows that all participants′cooperation is indispensable to counter these constraints in the future formal deployment.Administrative departments need to provide diversified funding sources,formulate the permission regulation by legislation,and strengthen the liability identification under different accident scenarios.Transportation planners and engineers are responsible for constructing long-term transportation plans and policies.Vehicle manufacturers should optimize the purchase process of the vehicle and reduce the cost of maintenance and service.Vehicle operators are obligated to develop policies for data security and inspire the public′s and other stakeholders′awareness of participation.