从“艺术的生活”到“生活的艺术”--1918—1925年周作人关于主体与物质世界关系思想的变迁

From the“Life of Art”to the“Art of Life”:The Change of Zhou Zuoren’s Thought onthe Relationship between the Subject World and the Material World from 1918 to 1925

1918年周作人提出“诚”作为合格主体的标准,为了达到这一标准,周作人以自己的生活、阅读和写作等经验为基础,辗转于“趣味”“游戏”“好事家”、儿童理论、文体试验等概念和实践的尝试,并始终注重肉身的及物性所带来的真实性,试图确认自己的思想观点是通过切身的实践和体验得出,而非被抽象概念裹挟而来。新村运动期间,周作人建立了关于生活之艺术的确认,即人应该有丰盈的内面生活,但在物质层面却应该是简单而自然的。而新村运动失败后,他找到了社会运动之外的另一种肉体实践方式,即回归文学和艺术,以“诚”的个人主义与趣味的结合来处理自己与外界的关系,并提出了“好事家”的比喻。从坚持“自己的园地”而将艺术作为一种生活方式,到提出“生活的艺术”这一指向文化批评的概念,从将“好事家”作为“文学家”的形象性类比,到切实地以游戏等同于工作,追溯民俗日常生活的文化之根。

In 1918,Zhou Zuoren put forward that "honesty"is a standard for a qualified subject. In order to achieve this standard,Zhou Zuoren,based on his own experience in life,reading and writing,tries to experiment with concepts and practices,such as"tastes","games","dilettante",children’s theory and literary forms,and always pays attention to the authenticity brought by the transitivity of the physical body,trying to confirm that one’s own ideas are obtained through personal practice and experience rather than being coerced by abstract concepts. During the New Village Movement,Zhou Zuoren established the confirmation of the art of life,that is,people should live a rich inner life,but at the material level,it should be simple and natural. After the failure of the New Village Movement,he found another way of physical practice outside of the social movement,that is,returning to literature and art,handling his relationship with the outside world by combining the "honest"individualism and tastes,and proposed the metaphor of "a dilettante". From adhering to"one’s own garden"and taking art as a way of life to putting forward the concept of"art of life"which points to cultural criticism,from the figurative analogy of taking "a dilettante"as"a litterateur"to actually equating games with work,Zhou Zuoren traced the cultural root of folk customs and daily life.