四川客家方言的卷舌元音[ə]及其来源

The Retroflex Vowel[ə]in Sichuan Hakka Dialect and Its Origin

在四川客家方言中,有卷舌元音[ə]的语音地位,[ə]不但自成音节,还产生儿化作用,使相当数量的韵母变成了卷舌韵。从纵的方面来看,四川客家方言的祖籍方言并没有[ə]的语音地位;从横的方面来看,四川客家方言在各个地点接触到的四川官话,都有卷舌元音[ə],[ə]都能发生儿化作用。进一步比较发现,四川客家方言主要的儿化韵[ər、iər、uər、yər]与四川官话相同,能够儿化的韵母也基本上与四川官话相同,儿化韵的读音所遵循的是四川官话儿化韵的变读规律,有一批儿化词与四川官话完全相同,所以,四川客家方言中的语音成分[ə]来自于四川官话,是在四川官话的影响下产生的,体现了方言之间深刻接触的成果。

The retroflex vowel[ə]has its place in Sichuan Hakka Dialect.Not only can it exist as a syllable,but it can also lead to Er-suffixation,turning a large quantity of vowels into retroflex vowels.A vertical comparison indicates that the vowel[ə]did not share the same phonetic position in the ancestral dialect of Sichuan Hakka Dialect,while a horizontal comparison shows that Hakka Dialect has been exposed to the Er-suffixation in Sichuan Dialect during each dialect contact.Furthermore,the Er-suffixation in Sichuan Hakka Dialect,same as that in Sichuan Dialect,mainly appears in[ər、iər、uər、yər],and the vowels that could be subject to Er-suffixation are essentially the same to those in Sichuan Dialect.In addition,those aforementioned vowels follow the rules of pronunciation in Sichuan Dialect,and a number of words with Er-suffixation in Sichuan Hakka dialect are identical to those in Sichuan Dialect.Therefore,it is reasonable to conclude that the retroflex vowel[ə]in Sichuan Hakka Dialect came from Sichuan Dialect,and this Er-suffixation appeared under the influence of Sichuan Dialect,which indicates the powerful impact of dialect contact.