淞沪会战期间的日本外交活动——以布鲁塞尔会议为中心

Japanese Diplomatic Activities during the Battle of Shanghai:Centering on the Brussels Conference

1937年八一三事变后,国联大会于9月对日本进行了谴责,并建议召开九国公约会议解决中日问题。在此期间,以罗斯福发表芝加哥演说为标志,美国对远东问题的态度有趋于积极之势。在国际压力日益增大的背景下,日本对布鲁塞尔会议采取了软硬两手策略,一方面坚决拒绝参加会议,一方面则避免正面否定九国公约,并试图诱导第三国劝说中国与日本直接谈判。会议期间,日本在会内外展开了一系列外交活动,一是通过盟友意大利从内部削弱会议,二是在会外重点针对美国展开外交攻势,阻止其对日本采取强硬态度。与此同时,日本利用布鲁塞尔会议的僵局积极吸引各国脱离会议轨道,按照日本的要求斡旋中日直接谈判。布鲁塞尔会议最后无果而终,日本也抓住机会进一步扩大侵华战争,并在英美拒绝斡旋后转向德国,迫使中国接受了德国大使陶德曼的调停。然而中国通过此次会议进一步争取到国际社会的同情与声援,日本虽得益于一时,却陷入了更深的孤立当中。

After the August 13^th Incident in 1937,the League of Nations condemned Japan and proposedto convene a conference of nine-power treaty to solve the Sino-Japan issue.During this period,marked by Roosevelt's speech at Chicago,the attitude of the United States towards the Far Eastissue tended to be positive.With the increased pressure from the international community,Japanadopted a two-handed strategy with regard to the Brussels Conference.On one hand,Japanrefused resolutely to participate in the conference,on the other hand,it avoided to deny directly the nine-power treaty and attempted to induce the third country to persuade China to negotiatedirectly with Japan.Japan carried out a series of diplomatic activities within and outside theconference.First,it weakened the conference from the inside through its ally Italy.Second,itfocused on the diplomatic offensives against the United States outside the conference to prevent itfrom taking a hard line towards Japan.Meanwhile,it also made use of the deadlock of theBrussels Conference to get the countries to mediate between China and Japan for directnegotiations according to the Japanese requirements. The Brussels Conference ended indecisively,and Japan also seized the opportunity to further expand its war of aggression against China。Afterthe refusal of Britain and the United States to mediate between China and Japan,Japan turned toGermany and made China accept the mediation of Trautmann,German Ambassador to China.However,China further won the sympathy and moral support from the international communitythrough the conference. Although Japan momentarily benefited from the Conference,yet it fellinto a further isolation.