在生态保护中凸显生态正义

Foregrounding Ecojustice in Conservation

目前自然正义仍然是一个混乱的术语。近几十年来,正义主要局限于人类,强调的是社会正义,以及由此衍生的人类环境正义。因为生态中心主义和生态伦理学支撑着对自然正义的态度,所以文章首先考察其理论基础,并展示自然公正是如何受到对二元论的关注和强烈的人类中心主义倾向的影响。接下来讨论的是社会正义的传统含义,以及最近一些学者推动将自然正义纳入社会正义的举动,这些举动实则有效地削弱了任何将生态正义置于中心地位的努力。将其作为保护地球生命的策略,既不道德也注定会失败。“环境正义”的主要含义实质上是关于环境问题的人类正义。继而文章讨论什么是生态正义,以及学术界数十年来如何忽视它,并驳斥生态正义是“反人类”的指控。文章指出,分配正义也可适用于自然,包括生物比例的伦理,并探索如何协调社会正义与生态正义,认为当前必须凸显生态正义以推进有效的环保举措。在为环保践行者提出实施生态正义的框架之后,文章最后呼呼学术界能重视生态正义。

Justice for nature remains a confused term.In recent decades justice has predominantly been limited to humanity,with a strong focus on social justice,and its spin-off-environmental justice for people.We first examine the formal rationale for ecocentrism and ecological ethics,as this underpins attitudes towards justice for nature,and show how justice for nature has been affected by concerns about dualisms and by strong anthropocentric bias.We next consider the traditional meaning of social justice,alongside the recent move by some scholars to push justice for nature into social justice,effectively weakening any move to place ecojustice centre stage.This,we argue,is both unethical and doomed to failure as a strategy to protect life on Earth.The dominant meaning of“environmental justice”-in essence,justice for humans in regard to environmental issues-is also explored.We next discuss what ecological justice(ecojustice)is,and how academia has ignored it for many decades.The charge of ecojustice being‘antihuman’is refuted.We argue that distributive justice can also apply to nature,including an ethic of bio-proportionality,and also consider how to reconcile social justice and eco justice,arguing that ecojustice must now be foregrounded to ensure effective conservation.After suggesting a“Framework for implementing ecojustice”for conservation practitioners,we conclude by urging academia to foreground ecojustice.