黑格尔的第二自然——一种解答还是一个问题

Hegel's Second Nature:A Solution or a Problematization?

麦克道尔对"第二自然"概念的阐发,推进了当代学界对黑格尔的"自然主义"的关注。"自然"概念在黑格尔哲学中既表示"本质"又意指"机械化的自然世界"。黑格尔是在后一种意义上理解自然的,并意图回复自然的第一种意义;这一回复是精神自身运动的过程,是"第二自然"。第二自然是精神现实化的机制:它一方面否定其外在规定,从自然的、直接的领域摆脱出来;另一方面保留了自然的规定,是精神性的机械作用。第二自然落实于主观方面的习惯和客观方面的制度。平卡德认为,第二自然学说体现了黑格尔对现代性问题的解决思路,用以说明主体在何种意义上能够在异化的世界找回自身。而门克强调,由于第二自然是以自然的方式运作的精神,精神的实现没有摆脱外在性,第二自然是批判的概念。肯定的或批判的,这是理解第二自然学说,甚至是黑格尔客观精神学说,两种不可通约的基本立场。

McDowell's elaboration of the concept of“second nature”has attracted a large number of scholars to Hegel s“naturalism”.The concept of“nature”in Hegel's philosophy means both“essence”and“the mechanized natural world”.Hegel understands nature in the latter sense and intends to return to the first sense of nature;this return is the process of the movement of spirit itself,that is,the“second nature”.The second nature is the mechanism of spirit’s self-realization:spirit not only negates,but also retains its external determinations,so that it develops itself through a spiritual mechanism.The second nature manifests itself firstly in the form of habit in the section of subjective spirit and then in various stages of institutions in the objective aspect.Terry Pinkard maintains that the conceptualization of the second nature contributes to a solution to the problem of modernity and inspires a possible return itself in the alienated world.Christoph Menke,on the other hand,understands this doctrine as a critical one;since the second nature is the spirit that operates in a natural way,the realization of the spirit is not free from externality.Affirmative or critical,these are the two fundamentally incommensurable basic positions for understanding the second nature,or even the Hegelian doctrine of objective spirit.