道在山林,周弥六合——浙东天台山“洞天福地”的山岳景观流变及文化意象研究

Taoism in the Mountain,Thoughts Penetrate the Universe—A Study on the Evolution of Mountain Landscape and Cultural Image of"Cavern of Heaven and Place of Blessing"in Tiantai Mountain,Zhejiang

道教洞天福地作为中国名山风景的经典类型之一,在宗教山岳景观中占据独特地位。浙东天台山水神秀,历代高道以入山隐修为主要目的,形成了道教在区域山林的景观文化基础。从天台山“神仙之乡”的文化背景出发,从“想象与实践”的视角切入,梳理了天台山洞天福地的景观流变:分析其“不死之福庭”地域性景观的形成经历了“赤城→桐柏”的信仰转移过程;以天台山为坐标,洞天福地格局打破了区域“层级”分布特征,而呈现大范围“州郡”空间格局。作为“联结点”的天台山,洞天世界沟通了宇宙、山、人3个基本场域,由此衍生出“洞宫”式和“周回”式山岳空间营建典范。旨在挖掘洞天福地中典型案例的价值,为中国洞天福地体系的构建提供理论依据。

As one of the representative types of Chinese famous mountains,"Cavern of Heaven and Place of Blessing"(CHPB)occupied a unique position in religious mountain landscape.Based on the beauty of Tiantai Mountain,Taoist priests went to the mountains for practice and retreat,leading tothe foundation of Taoism's landscape culture in the regional forests.Starting from the background of"Hometown of Immortals"in Tiantai Mountain,this paper sorts out the landscape changes of CHPB in Tiantai from the perspective of"imagination and practice".And summarizes the landscape evolution of CHPB here:First,it analyzes the formation of the regional landscape of"Immortal Land",which experienced the process of belief transfer from"Chicheng→Tongbai".Then,taking Tiantai Mountain as the coordinate,the pattern of CHPB breaks the regional"level"distribution characteristics,and presents a large-scale spatial pattern of"states and counties".As the"connecting point",the cave world connected the universe,mountains and people,from which it derived a model of mountain space construction in"cave-palace"and"circle"style.This study aims to explore the value of typical cases in CHPB and provide a theoretical basis for the construction of the whole system.