从松柏汉简“令丙第九”看汉代的 鲜果贡献制度——兼论二品诏书转化为法令的格式变化

Study on the Contribution System of Fresh Fruits in Han Dynasties from Paragraph 9 of Article 3 in Wooden and Bamboo Slips

湖北荆州出土的松柏汉简“令丙第九”记录了汉文帝命汉中郡三县向中央贡献枇杷的规定:采取以邮、亭次传的传递方式,沿途各县要协助运输。三县制作檄书,详细记录邮吏的行程,将枇杷及檄书送至公车司马令。公车司马令再将两物交予太官令,太官令属官将枇杷进献给皇帝,将檄书上呈御史台,由御史台考课邮吏是否中程。这一诏书后被编为“令丙第九”,至东汉时期仍具有法律效力,与《后汉书·和帝纪》相互契合,共同还原了两汉时期鲜果贡献的法定程序。另外,“令丙第九”也反映了二品诏书转化为法令过程中的文书格式变化:省略敬辞和上书者名字;“制曰可”不再提行,仅在前加黑色墨点,有时墨点也会省略;给令文命名、编号。

The wooden and bamboo slip Paragraph 9 of Article 3 of Han Dynasty was unearthed in Jingzhou,Hubei Province.It recorded the provisions that Emperor Wen ordered three counties in Hanzhong County to contribute loquats to the central government:make use of institutions and ways of transmitting national documents and all counties along the way should assist in transportation.The three counties should write Xi to record their routes.Until they sent loquats and Xi to Gong Che Si Ma Ling safely,their mission was accomplished.Then the Gong Che Si Ma Ling sent loquats and Xi to Tai Guan Ling,the officials of Tai Guan Ling contributed the fruit to the emperor,sent the Xi to Yu Shi Tai.And Yu Shi Tai would check to see if the delivery was on schedule.This imperial edict was later compiled as Paragraph 9 of Article 3,which still had legal effect in the Eastern Han Dynasty,and it was compatible with the Book of the Later Han Dynasty:Emperor He,which together restored the legal procedure of fresh fruit contribution in Han Dynasty.In addition,it also reflected the format change of transforming the second-lass imperial edict into a decree:omit honorific words and the writer’s name;"The Emperor Said:Yes"no longer enters for a new line,only with black ink dots added in front,and sometimes the ink dots is omitted;name and number the order.