珠江三角洲传统农业景观变迁及其空间转移

Changes and Spatial Transfer of Traditional Agricultural Landscape in the Pearl River Delta

珠江三角洲地区至隋唐时期仍然人口稀少,且集中在地势稍高的丘陵地带从事较原始的农业生产,修建小型水利设施即可保护农业生产。农业的大规模开发始于宋,尤其是南宋以后,大量移民涌入广东,并深入到珠三角地区,从而带动农业景观也从山地丘陵扩展至沙洲滩地。水利设施的修建、土地开发及稻作技术的发展,在促进农业生产发展的同时改变了岭南瘴气环绕的恶劣自然环境,向宜居环境转化。至明代嘉靖、万历年间,珠江三角洲的农业生产商品化程度大大提高,农业景观亦呈现出多样化、差异化的发展趋势。沙田的大片开发、堤围的大量修建以及桑基鱼塘的迅猛发展、经济作物的大面积种植,促使珠三角在清代成为全国农业最兴旺发达区之一,农业景观由山地丘陵、平原沙洲向河海滩地发展。受国际市场与环境影响,珠三角农业生态系统亦不断变化,以基塘为核心的水面景观由顺德、南海为中心的西北部三角洲往西南部三角洲扩展,至清中后期再往中部、东部三角洲发展,并直至珠江口。

During the Sui and Tang dynasties,the population in the Pearl River Delta area was still small.People concentrated in the hilly areas with slightly higher terrain to engage in primitive agricultural production,where the small water conservancy facilities were enough guarantee agricultural production.The large-scale development of agriculture began in the Song Dynasty,especially after the Southern Song Dynasty.A large number of immigrants poured into Guangdong and went deep into the Pearl River Delta region,thus driving the agricultural landscape to expand from mountainous hills to sandbanks and beaches.The construction of water conservancy facilities,land development and the development of rice farming technology not only promoted the development of agricultural production,but also changed the harsh natural environment surrounded by miasma in Lingnan Area and transformed it into a livable one.By the Jiajing and Wanli periods of Ming Dynasty,the commercialization of agricultural production in the Pearl River Delta was greatly improved,and the agricultural landscape also showed a trend of diversification and differentiation.The large-scale development of sand filed,the massive construction of dikes,the rapid development of mulberry-base-ponds and the large-scale planting of cash crops made the Pearl River Delta became one of the most prosperous agricultural areas in China in Qing Dynasty,and the agricultural landscape developed from hills and plains to rivers and beaches.Influenced by the international market and environment,the agricultural ecosys tem of the Pearl River Delta changed constantly.The water landscape with the base pond as its core expanded from the northwest delta centered on Shunde and the South China Sea to the southwest delta,and then to the central and eastern deltas in the middle and late Qing Dynasty,even reaching the Pearl River Estuary.