发现语言生活的“满洲”因素与清代音韵学研究的“范式”重构

The Discovery of the“Manchu”Factors in Language Situation and the Reconstruction of the“Paradigm”of Chinese Phonology Research in the Qing Dynasty

满语文和满族文化在清代语言生活的方方面面产生了不可磨灭的影响,只有回归清代语言生活的本真语境,重新构建基于满汉文献对比研究的清代音韵学研究范式,发现清代语言生活的“满洲”因素,才能构建出深受满语文影响的清代音韵学体系。清代北京话语音史不是明代北京话语音史的“简单”延续,清代北京内城旗人汉语和外城汉语的融合创造了现代北京话,成为民族共同语的“基础方言”。历史上,北方游牧民族政权入主中原造成的民族融合在民族共同语形成的过程中具有重要的作用。在民族融合的过程中,北方游牧民族虽然放弃了自己的母语,但其母语的某些精华特征不仅已经融入在民族共同语的“血液”之中了,而且促进了民族共同语的形成与发展。就像中国历史是由各民族共同创造的一样,我们的民族共同语也是汉族和其他民族共同创造的,这是中华民族多元一体的重要表现。由于历史上入主中原的北方游牧民族所操语言多属于阿尔泰语系,因此从满汉语言接触与融合角度研究清代北京话语音史,解剖“北杂夷虏”在清代的表现形式,对深入揭示历史上“北杂夷虏”的内涵具有重要的类型学意义。

The Manchu language and culture had an indelible influence on all aspects of the language situation of the Qing Dynasty.The construction of Chinese phonology in Qing Dynasty which has been deeply influenced by Manchu language can be realized only by returning to the authentic context of the language situation of the Qing Dynasty,reconstructing the paradigm of Chinese phonology research based on the comparative study of Manchu and Chinese literature,and discovering the“Manchu”factors of the language situation.The phonological history of Beijing dialect in the Qing Dynasty is not a“simple”continuation of the phonological history of Beijing dialect in the Ming Dynasty.The Chinese spoken by Manchus in the inner city and Chinese spoken by Han people in the outer city of Beijing in the Qing Dynasty created the modern Beijing dialect and became the“basic dialect”of the national common language.Historically,the ethnic integration caused by the entry of political power of Northern nomadic ethnic groups into central China played an important role in the formation of the national common language.In the process of ethnic integration,although the northern nomadic ethnic groups gave up their mother tongue,some of the essence has not only been integrated into the“blood”of the national common language,but also promoted both the formation and the development of the national common language.Just as the Chinese history was co-created by all ethnic groups,our national common language was also co-created by Han and other ethnic groups,this is an important manifestation of the pluralistic unity of the Chinese nation.Since most of the languages spoken by the nomadic ethnic groups in central China in history belonged to the Altaic language family,it is of great typological significance to reveal the connotation of“Chinese influenced by the languages of Northern non-Han ethnic groups”in history by studying the phonetic history of Beijing dialect in the Qing Dynasty from the perspective of the contact and of Manchu and Chinese languages,and dissecting the representations of“Chinese influenced by the languages of Northern non-Han ethnic groups”in the Qing Dynasty.