山东平度市苹果园土壤养分现状调查与评价

Investigation and Evaluation on Soil Nutrient Status of Apple Orchard in Pingdu City,Shandong Province

为落实有机肥部分替代化肥提高苹果产量与品质的试点研究,通过大量田间实地调查与土样采集,分析山东省平度地区苹果园土壤养分含量状况及其分布特点,并根据全国第二次土壤调查标准进行养分含量评价。结果表明:平度苹果园土壤pH值平均为5.75,呈微酸性,目前仍较适宜苹果树的生长;土壤碱解氮、速效磷与速效钾含量较高,处于较丰富水平;有机质含量平均值为13.60 g/kg,处于中等水平。平度果园土壤速效磷变异系数为69.57%,说明土壤磷素空间分布不均匀;其他养分变异系数在20%~30%,说明养分分布较均衡。相关分析表明,氮肥、磷肥与钾肥的大量施用是造成土壤酸化的重要因子。由此可知,平度苹果园可适当减少化肥施用量,提高土壤养分利用效率,同时可适当补充石灰等,以提高土壤pH值;增施有机肥以增加土壤有机质含量,改善土壤环境质量,提高苹果品质。

In order to implement a pilot study of partially replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers to improve apple yield and quality,through a large number of field investigation and soil sample collection,the soil nutrient content and distribution characteristics of apple orchards in Pingdu,Shandong Province were analyzed,and the nutrient content was evaluated according to the second national soil survey standard.The results showed that the average soil pH value of Pingdu apple orchards was 5.75,which was slightly acidic but still suitable for the growth of apple trees.The contents of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium were relatively higher and at a relatively rich level.The average organic matter content was 13.60 g/kg,which was at a medium level.The variation coefficient of soil available phosphorus in Pingdu area was 69.57%,indicating that the spatial distribution of soil phosphorus was uneven.The variation coefficient of other nutrients varied from 20%to 30%,indicating that the nutrient distribution was more balanced.Correlation analysis showed that large-scale application of nitrogen fertilizer,phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer were important factors that caused soil acidification.Therefore,the apple orchards in Pingdu could appropriately reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers and improve the efficiency of soil nutrient utilization.At the same time,effective measures such as lime could be appropriately supplemented to increase soil pH value.Increasing the content of organic fertilizer could increase the content of soil organic matter,improve the quality of soil environment,and increase the quality of apples.