基于疫苗的癌症免疫预防

Cancer immunoprevention based on the prophylactic vaccines

免疫监视理论认为,免疫系统能够控制癌症的发生和发展。基于上述概念,癌症的免疫预防是指通过在健康人中增强抗癌症免疫应答,达到有效降低癌症发生风险的方法。对于由诸如乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)等致癌病毒引起的癌症,预防性癌症疫苗获得了很大的成功,证明了疫苗接种策略在降低全球癌症负担中的潜力。但是对于非病毒引起的癌症而言,其预防性疫苗的研究仍处于初期阶段并存在巨大的挑战。本文首先分析了癌症治疗面临的困境,进而阐述了癌症免疫预防的合理性,然后介绍了癌症预防性疫苗的研究现状,讨论了癌症免疫预防临床转化存在的问题和前景。最后,我们认为基于疫苗的癌症免疫预防是人类战胜癌症的方向。

Cancer immunoprevention is based on the concept of immunosurveillance that is a functioning immune system controlling tumor onset and development,and the enhancement of immune responses in healthy individuals could effectively reduce cancer risk.The successful development of prophylactic vaccines to tumors caused by oncogenic viruses,such as hepatitis B virus(HBV)and human papilloma virus(HPV),has demonstrated the potential for vaccination to reduce the global burden of cancer.However,for nonviral cancers,the research of prophylactic vaccines is still in the early stage of success and is an outstanding challenge.In this review,we first describe the dilemma of cancer treatments,and thus introduce the rational of cancer immunoprevention in theory.We then review the progress of cancer prophylactic vaccines and discuss the difficulties and the prospects in the clinical translation.Finally,we propose that the direction of prophylactic vaccine-based cancer immune prevention is the right road to fight with cancer,especially in the subpopulations with high risk.