《民法典》夫妻债务认定规则中的“合意型共债”——兼论《民法典》第1064条的体系解读

“Consensual Common Debt”in the Marital Debt Identification Rule of the Civil Code

《民法典》第1064条中所规定的“合意型共债”并未引起学界的普遍重视,但在司法实践中却造成了一定的乱象,并潜藏着巨大的道德风险。通过考察《法国民法典》第1415条的规定,可以发现我国“合意型共债”司法困境的根源所在:并未意识到配偶一方同意内涵的多元性,没有对“授权型合意”与“负债型合意”做出区分。这一区分可以通过对第1064条的文义解释被我国法所吸纳。在此基础上,第1064条规定的共同债务的两种类型得以呈现,第1064条与家事代理权制度、分别财产制约定以及离婚时共同债务的清偿规则间的关系也可得到厘清。

The academia pays little attention to the“consensual common debt”installed by Article 1064 of the Civil Code.Nevertheless,this rule has created certain chaos in judicial practice and has the potential to engender some moral dilemmas.After examining Article 1415 of the French Civil Code,we discover that the defects of our law are due to the lack of conscience of the multiple meanings of the spousal consent.A distinction should be made between the consent-authorization and the consent-engagement.This distinction can be integrated into the existing law by a literal interpretation of Article 1064.On this basis,we can further discover the two categories of common debts in Article 1064.Moreover,the relationship among Article 1064 and the household agency,the separate property regime,and the debt distribution at the moment of divorce can be clarified.