城镇地区还存在对外来务工人员的工资歧视吗?——外来人口分布与城镇地区的工资决定

Are Migrant Workers Still Discriminated Against in the Chinese Labor Market?--The Distribution of Migrant Workers in Firms and Wage Determination

外来人口是城镇劳动力市场的重要组成部分。然而,现有研究多是将外来人口和本地职工看作两个分割的群体,很少考察外来人口在企业间的分布状况。本文利用2018年的城镇家户调查数据首次考察了农民工在城镇地区企业间的分布,并考察了农民工分布与城镇劳动力工资收入间的关系。结果表明,外来员工分散地分布在城镇地区的企业中,没有表现出明显的群分特征,表明城市地区并没有明显的针对农民工的雇主歧视。2018年,在控制了劳动者的个人和工作特征(包括行业、职业和所有制)后,外来务工人员的小时工资显著高于城镇本地职工20%以上。劳动合同签署状况以及企业提供的社会保障差别并不能解释上述差异。此外,企业中外来员工的比例越高,本地职工(和外来员工)的工资水平越高。本文的结果意味着,城镇地区并不存在传统意义上的雇主歧视,而且外来劳动力与本地劳动力之间存在显著的互补关系。但是,这一结果并不意味着外来移民在公共服务等方面能享有与本地居民相同的待遇。相反,农民工收入升高可能是迁移成本上升以及在城市地区无法享受同等公共服务的结果。这些因素可能导致移民的工资上升,同时对我国总体生产效率的提升起阻碍作用。

The migrant population is an important part of the urban labor market.However,existing research mostly treats migrant and local native workers as two separate groups,and rarely examines the distribution of the migrant workers among enterprises.In this paper,we use the China Household Income Project data for 2018 to investigate how the migrants are distributed among firms and the relationship between this distribution and wages.The results show that migrant workers are not concentrated in some firms as predicted by the discrimination theory.In 2018,migrant workers earn significantly higher than native urban workers by over 20%.Native workers in firms with more a higher share of migrants earn significantly higher than those in firms with less migrant workers.Our results indicate that employer discrimination against migrant workers may not exist,and there seems to be complementary relationship between native and migrant workers.