民族文化与文化经纪--国际舞台上的纳西族表演艺术

Ethnic Culture and Cultural Brokering:Naxi Performing Arts on the International Stage

自20世纪80年代始,纳西族有几十位东巴、乐师及民间歌手在欧洲、美国和东亚陆续参加过多种多样的国际巡回演出、艺术节、展览、研讨会以及教学活动。纳西族如何使他们的文化和表演艺术在国外获得这样高的知名度?通过实地考察和历史方面的梳理研究,我们可以看出:独一无二的东巴象形文字、法器和舞蹈对外国人来说有一定的神秘感,内在的吸引力很强。同时,丽江的洞经音乐与中国其他地方的丝竹音乐一样,比较适合欧美人的审美趣味。另一方面,文化经纪人的作用至关重要。纳西族与世界的文化互动一直依赖于一系列不同类型的“文化经纪人”。与其他人口较少的少数民族不同,自20世纪上半叶以来,纳西族有一系列的外地和本地作家、学者和文化传承人承担了这一角色,他们主动地将纳西文化介绍到国外。

Since the 1980s,several dozen Naxi dongba,musicians,and folk singers have participated in various international concert tours,arts festivals,exhibitions,conferences,and teaching activities in Europe,the United States,and East Asia.How have the Naxi achieved such a high profile abroad for their culture and performing arts?Through fieldwork and historical investigation,we can see that the unique dongba pictographs,ritual implements,and dances seem mysterious to foreigners and thus hold an intrinsic appeal.At the same time,Lijiang's dongjing music,like the silk and bamboo ensemble genres of other parts of China,is well suited to the aesthetic taste of Westerners.What is also crucially important is the role of culture brokers,as cultural interactions between the Naxi and the rest of the world have relied on a series of different types of“culture brokers.”Unlike other ethnic minorities with small populations,since the early 20th century,the Naxi have had a succession of outside and local writers,scholars and tradition-bearers who have taken on this role,actively introducing Naxi culture to the outside world.