就业机会户籍歧视对收入差距的影响

The Effect of Employment Discrimination on the Urban-Rural Income Gap

在中国城镇劳动力市场,农民工和城镇职工的就业分布和收入差距长期存在。文章利用2002和2018年中国家庭收入调查(CHIP)横截面数据分析了中国城镇劳动力市场上就业机会户籍歧视的程度、变化趋势及其对农民工与城镇职工收入差距的影响。研究结果表明:(1)2018年与2002年相比,农民工与城镇职工的就业分布差距、收入差距均有所缩小;(2)2018年农民工在城镇劳动力市场面临的收入户籍歧视已不明显;(3)就业机会户籍歧视程度在2002~2018年呈弱化趋势,但其绝对水平仍然很高;(4)就业机会户籍歧视的存在,阻碍了农民工与城镇职工收入差距的缩小,并且这一作用在2002~2018年呈强化趋势,同时就业机会户籍歧视还会通过社会保障获取间接扩大农民工和城镇职工的收入差距。

The employment distributions and earnings differ substantially between migrant and urban workers in China’s labor market. This paper uses the cross-sectional data of CHIP 2002 and CHIP 2018 to analyze the degree and changing trend of the hukou discrimination in employment opportunity in China’s urban labor market, and the related impacts on the urban workers income gap. The empirical results include:(1) from 2002 to 2018, the employment distribution gap and the income gap between migrant workers and urban workers are shrinking.(2) The income discrimination faced by migrant workers is no longer significant.(3) From 2002 to 2018, the hukou discrimination in employment opportunity also weakens over time, yet its absolute level is still high.(4) The hukou discrimination in employment opportunity widens the income gap between migrant workers and urban workers, and the effect intensifies from 2002 to 2018, which also expands urban-rural income gap indirectly.