我国博士招生“申请考核”制改革的反思与重构

The"application-examination"system for doctoral enrollment in China:reflection and reconstruction

“申请考核”制作为我国新型博士生招生方式,体现了研究生招考方式多样化改革动向。这一招考方式源自西方国家,在我国实践中出现了传统笔试统考的路径依赖、名校出身的招考资格歧视、半公开下的导师权力失范等问题。西方博士生“申请考核”制经历了制度塑型、制度构型、制度转型三个阶段,呈现师徒角色社团化、教育分流双轨化、招生选拔标准化等特征,反映出这一制度安排在西方社会的自洽性。中西方在社会关系结构下的招考文化、社会分层结构下的教育制度和社会权力结构下的导师权责方面存在明显差异。基于此,我国博士生“申请考核”制需要挖掘笔试统考优势,建构考核兼容模式;打破名校身份限制,推行二轨并行体制;建立权力协管机制,划定导师权力范围,继续深化本土化改革。

As a new way of doctoral student enrollment in China,the"application-examination"system reflects the diversified reform of graduate enrollment methods.This method of examination originated from Western countries,however,in our country′s practice,there appeared problems including the path dependence of traditional written examination,discrimination of admission qualification(favoring students with famous university origins),and the anomie of tutor power under the semi-public,etc.Western"application-examination"system for doctoral students has gone through three stages:system shaping,system configuration and system transformation.It shows the characteristics of tutor and apprentice role association,education diversion dual tracks,and enrollment and selection standardization,which reflect the self-consistency of this system arrangement in Western society.It is found that there are some clear differences between Chinese and Western universities in the enrollment culture under the social relation structure,the educational system under the social stratification structure and the tutor′s power and responsibility under the social power structure.Based on this,China′s doctoral students′"application-examination"system needs to tap the advantages of the written examination,and construct a compatible model of assessment;to break the limit to students′university origins,and implement the two-track parallel system;to establish the mechanism of power co-management,define the scope of the power of tutors,and constantly deepen the reform of localization.