明北京城中轴线形成原因探析

A Study of the Central Axis of Beijing City in Ming Dynasty

北京城中轴线是北京古城文化的重要传承载体,是体现中国都城营建制度的巅峰之作。北京城中轴线的形成与明初建设紫禁城有关,明永乐年间建设北京宫殿,紫禁城中轴线没有沿用元大都大内中轴线,而是向东偏移150米左右,同时向北延伸至钟鼓楼,向南至丽正门,形成城市中轴线与宫城中轴线合一现象,开创了新的都城规划格局。受中国古代建筑风水中的定向理论影响,明北京城中轴线并非正南正北,而是自北向西偏离子午线2度多,这是依据堪舆定向理论而确定的方向,与昌平天寿山有密切关系。

The central axis of Beijing city is an important cultural carrier reflecting the culture of the ancient city of Beijing,and it is the peak work reflecting the construction system of Chinese capital city.In the early Ming Dynasty,the Forbidden City of Beijing was built,fully considering the relationship between mountain and river situation and urban construction.The central axis of the Forbidden City did not follow the central axis of Yuan Dadu’sImperial Palace,but shifted about 150 meters eastward.At the same time,it extended northward to Zhonggulou Tower and southward to Lizhengmen,forming the phenomenon of the integration of the central axis of the city and the central axis of the Palace City,and creating a new capital planning system.Influenced by the theory about orientation of geomancy in ancient China,the central axis of Beijing in Ming Dynasty was not just north-south,but more than 2 degrees from north to west.This paper discusses the relationship between the construction of the Forbidden City in the early Ming Dynasty and the Dadu city in Yuan Dynasty,and the influence of Tianshou Mountain on the orientation of the central axis of Beijing.