想象一个制作的政体——对黄宗羲《明夷待访录》开篇论说的重新解读

Imagining a Political System Which is Made Out of Production——A new Interpretation of the Opening Arguments of Huang Zongxi’s Waiting for the Dawn:A Plan for the Prince(Mingyi Daifang Lu)

黄宗羲《明夷待访录》开篇一段呈现出三个关键命题:“有生之初”“自私自利”“公利公害”。“有生之初”是黄宗羲设想的前政治状态情形,而“自私自利”是对这一状态基本表现的描述,“公利公害”则指向解决这一状态困境的方案诉求。三者构成了一段完整的政治哲学论述之开端,也构成了《明夷待访录》所由以展开“公”“私”两大政治原理线索论述的坚实基础。在黄宗羲看来,政体制度是出于制作而来,这就为其变革制度的诉求打下了理论基础,但也为其政治哲学论述埋下了凭空构想的危机。

The opening paragraph of Huang Zongxi’s Waiting for the Dawn:A Plan for the Prince(Mingyi Daifang Lu)presents three key propositions:“the beginning of human lives”,“selfishness and self-interest”and“public interests and public nuisances”.“The beginning of human lives”is the pre-political situation that Huang Zongxi imagined,and“selfishness and self-interest”is a description of the basic performance of this situation,while the“public interests and public nuisances”aims at the solution to the dilemma of this situation.The three constitute the beginning of a complete discourse of political philosophy,and also constitute a solid foundation for the discussion of the two political principles of“public”and“private”.According to Huang Zongxi’s suggestions,the political system came out of production,which laid a theoretical foundation for his request to reform the system,and it also laid the crisis of hypothetical ideas for his political and philosophy.