全球气候治理若干关键问题及对策

Key problems in global climate governance and China’s countermeasures

当前,在落实《巴黎协定》的谈判和合作进程中,面临一些新的关键问题和严峻挑战。其中包括:如何体现“共同但有区别的责任”原则,促进《巴黎协定》适应、减缓、资金、技术、能力建设和透明度等各要素全面均衡和有效的实施;如何依据气候公约的规定并体现历史责任,坚持和维护中国等新兴大国的发展中国家定位;如何看待全球1.5℃温升控制目标以及该目标下不同类型国家公平的减排路径;如何看待欧盟等发达国家拟对发展中国家进出口贸易采取碳边境调节措施等问题,发达国家和发展中国家存在严重分歧。发达国家忽视和淡化“共同但有区别的责任”原则,向发展中国家施加减排压力、转移排放责任、转嫁减排成本的意图和行动已十分明显,不同类型国家和利益集团间也呈现复杂的博弈局面。对此,我国要保持战略定力,坚持《巴黎协定》所确立的长期目标和各项原则,坚持我国发展中国家战略定位,巩固广大发展中国家战略依托,维护发展中国家合理权益。我国对《巴黎协定》达成和生效发挥了积极作用,成为全球合作应对气候变化的积极参与者、贡献者、引领者。当前,要进一步以习近平生态文明思想和构建人类命运共同体理念为指导,积极推进公平正义、合作共赢的国际气候治理制度建设,推进《巴黎协定》的落实和实施。同时,国内要加快推进经济绿色低碳循环发展转型,加快经济、环境与应对气候变化的协同治理,制定并实施长期低碳排放发展战略,到21世纪中叶实现社会主义现代化强国建设目标的同时,实现与全球控制温升不高于2℃并努力低于1.5℃目标相契合的深度脱碳发展路径。

At present,the full implementation of negotiation and collaboration under the Paris Agreement faces new,key problems and severe challenges.Among these problems and challenges are:how to honor the principle of‘common but differentiated responsibilities’to facilitate comprehensive,balanced,and effective implementation of the key elements of the Paris Agreement such as adaptation,mitigation,finance,technology,capacity building,and transparency;how to uphold and maintain the status of China and other emerging countries as developing countries in light of the requirements of the UNFCCC and the historical responsibilities of these countries;how to assess the goal of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5℃and what makes an equitable carbon mitigation pathway for different types of countries;developed countries and developing countries have drastically diverging views on the carbon border adjustment measures for trading with developing countries proposed by many developed countries such as the European Union.The developed countries have demonstrated obvious intentions and actions to weaken and neglect the principle of‘common but differentiated responsibilities’,to impose mitigation pressure on developing countries,to shift the responsibilities for emissions onto others,and to pass on the costs of mitigation.The game among different types of countries and interest groups has become increasingly intense.In response,China should maintain its strategic focus,adhere to the goals and principles established by the Paris Agreement,stick to its strategic positioning as a developing country,solidify the strategic support from the developing world,and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of developing countries.China has played a conducive role in facilitating the Paris Agreement and become an active participant,contributor and leader in global climate governance.China should continue to follow Xi Jinping’s thought on ecological civilization and concept of building a community of shared future for mankind and actively lead the cooperation process in the construction of a global climate governance system characterized by equity,justice,and win-win collaboration,and promote compliance with the Paris Agreement.At the same time,China should accelerate the green,low-carbon,circular transformation of its economy,accelerate the coordinated governance of economy,environment,and climate change,and formulate and implement a long-term low-carbon development strategy.By the middle of the 21st century,while achieving the goal of building a great modern socialist country,China will achieve a deep decarbonization development path that is in line with the goal of limiting global temperature rise well below 2℃and making an effort to keep it below 1.5℃.