赵翼《廿二史劄记》金代“汉人”“南人”说厘正

A New Interpretation of Zhao Yi’s “Han People” and “Nan People” in the Jin Dynasty in Notes of the Twenty-Two Histories

自清人赵翼《廿二史劄记》提出“金元俱有汉人南人之名”以来,学界虽对此概念多有使用,但却未从不同历史语境下对“汉人”“南人”的多重内涵进行更深入的解读。检点史料,赵氏所言金代“汉人”“南人”说具有一定的历史时空局限性,未能反映这一概念的整体面貌。金初“汉人”概念由辽朝沿袭而来,特指由辽入金的汉族群体,至金中叶以后,“汉人”逐渐成为金朝境内汉族群体的统称。“南人”起初是与“汉人”相对举的概念,指代由宋入金的汉族群体。但在一定时期内又特指黄河(旧河)以南原伪楚、伪齐统治区。而在一些与宋朝相关的特殊情境下,金人也常以“南人”指代南宋政权(南宋人)。金代“汉人”“南人”概念之所以被提出和使用,与其所处的多重历史语境有关,主要包括“辽宋之别”与“重北轻南”的统治策略。

Since the Qing Dynasty when Zhao Yi's Notes of the Twenty-Two Histories concluded that both in the Jin Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty there were“Han People”and“Nan People”,the academic circle has used this concept a lot,but failed to reveal its rich connotations in different historical contexts.The historical data reveal that Zhao Yi's view has some historical limitations and cannot reflect the overall historical fact.The concept of“Han People”in the early Jin Dynasty came from the Liao Dynasty,specifically referring to the Han ethnic group who entered the Jin Dynasty from the Liao Dynasty.After the middle period of the Jin Dynasty,“Han People”gradually became the collective term for the Han group in the Jin Dynasty.“Nan People”was originally a concept in opposition to“Han People”,referring to the Han group that entered the Jin State from the Song State.However,in a certain historical period,it specifically refers to the population of the Puppet State of Chu and the Puppet State of Qi.In addition,in some special situations related to the Song Dynasty,the Jin Dynasty also often referred to the Southern Song regime as“Han People”.Thus,the concept of“Han People”and“Nan People”is proposed and used because of the various historical contexts,including the rule of“the difference between Liao and Song”and“emphasis on the North and contempt for the South”.