多元一体背景下火把节节俗谱系研究

A Genealogical Study of the Torch Festival in the Context of Pluralistic Culture

任何一个民族节日的存在绝不是孤立、断裂、偶然的,它一定与其产生的地域环境、族群迁徙、周围不同的民族文化等有着千丝万缕的联系。这种联系是以谱系的形态存在的。我国西南地区,民族众多、地理条件和人文环境千差万别,文化习俗纷繁各异。火把节之所以成为我国西南地区彝族、白族、纳西族、基诺族、拉祜族、傈僳族、景颇族、哈尼族等藏缅语系彝语支民族共同的传统节日,是它具有一个强大的谱系,其中包括族群谱系、空间谱系、时间谱系和叙事谱系。火把节是西北氐羌族群文化在西南地区不同生存空间区位的迁徙与延展,它从最初的岁首年节、农时节律到具有社会人文性的宗教祭祀、人际交往、游艺娱乐,再到集商贸、旅游和民族文化展示的极富世俗性、复合性、经济性和时代性的文化活动,形成了火把节文化活性动态的时间谱系。叙事谱系是节日最直观的表现形式,从火把节的起源传说、节庆活动及节日文化的传播形式来看,火把节是一种集语言叙事、物象叙事、行为叙事、媒体叙事于一体的中华多元一体文化的互动范式。

Festivals can never exist in isolated,fragmented or accidental forms,but are closely linked to the geographic locations,migration of races,and ethnic cultures out of which they arise.Such links are often genealogical.The torch festival,for instance,is a shared festival among many ethnic groups who speak Tibeto-Burmese and Yi languages in southwest China,including the Yi,the Bai,the Naxi,the Jinuo,the Lahu,the Lisu,the Jingpo and the Hani.In spite of all the geographic,environmental and cultural differences,these groups all celebrate this festival just because there is a great genealogical link that binds them together.The link may be ethnic,spatial,temporal,or narrative.The festival started with the Diqiang ethnic groups in northwest China,and spread itself into southwest China following the migration of these groups into the region,where the different spatial locations of the various groups give rise to a dynamic temporal genealogical link,allowing it to change from a festival that marks the beginning of a new year and farming season,to a cultural activity that combines religious worshiping,people-to-people communication,entertainment,trade and commerce,tourism and ethnic culture display.The narrative link is a most direct indicator of the genealogy of the festival.The stories of the origin of the festival,the activities that celebrate it,and the ways it is spread all suggest that the festival is a paradigm of human interactions that synthesize language narrative,image narrative,behavioral narrative and media narrative.