五代耀州窑与北宋汝窑及南宋官窑青瓷釉的对比

Comparative Study on Celadon Glazes of Five Dynasty Yaozhou Kiln, Northern Song Dynasty Ru Kiln and Southern Song Dynasty Guan Kiln

对比分析了五代耀州窑、北宋汝窑和南宋官窑青瓷釉的化学组成、玻璃相的分子结构、显微结构以及铁元素的化学状态等,并总结其色彩异化与地域特色形成的本质原因。结果表明:五代耀州窑青瓷釉含有相对较高的K2O和CaO含量,有利于绿蓝发色和釉层中气泡的长大与排出,故釉色泛青且釉面透明度和光泽度高。北宋汝窑青瓷釉含有相对较高的Fe2O3和P2O5含量,正是由于P^5+对Fe^3+的反极化作用,增强了釉面的蓝色调。同时,釉层中密集的气泡、析晶和分相结构不仅提高了釉面的乳浊度,并形成了蛋白石效果。南宋官窑青瓷釉的基础釉组成与汝窑青瓷釉相近,显微结构也相似,但由于其SiO2含量高,促使釉熔体在非均相成核阶段气泡聚集体的形成,进一步提高了乳浊度,并有利于釉面玉质感的形成。此外,烧成温度、埋藏土壤pH值以及制釉原料中铁元素存在形式的差异,也会影响青瓷釉的外观,同时也是地域特色形成的原因。

The chemical composition, phase, microstructure and chemical state of iron element of the celadon glazes from the Five dynasty Yaozhou kiln, Northern Song dynasty Ru kiln and Southern Song dynasty Guan kiln, ancient China, were compared and analyzed, and the essential reasons for the color difference and the formation of regional characteristic were summarized. The results indicate that the celadon glaze of the Five dynasty Yaozhou kiln contains relatively high contents of K2O and CaO, which is beneficial to the formation of green-blue color and the growth and discharge of bubbles in the glaze layer. As a result, the glaze is green-blue with high transparency and glossiness. The celadon glaze of the Northern Song dynasty Ru kiln contains relatively high contents of Fe2O3 and P2O5. This is precisely because of the anti-polarization effect of P^5+ on Fe^3+ that the blue tone of glaze is enhanced. Also, the dense bubbles, crystals and phase separation structures in the glaze increase the opacity and form the opal effect of the Ru glaze. The base glaze composition of Southern Song dynasty Guan kiln celadon is similar to that of the Ru kiln, and their microstructures are also similar. However, a higher SiO2 content promotes the formation of bubble aggregations in the heterogeneous nucleation stage of glaze, which further improves the opacity and is conducive to the formation of the texture properties of jade. In addition, the differences of firing temperature, pH value of buried soil and existence form of iron in the raw material also affect the appearance of celadon glazes and form the regional features.