中美两国内资和外资企业在全球价值链中的演进路径

The GVC Evolution Path of Chinese and American Domestic-Owned and Foreign-Owned Enterprises

基于区分内资和外资企业的非竞争型全球投入产出模型,本文构建了生产链长度指标,对比分析中美两国内资和外资企业在全球价值链(GVC)中的演进路径,结果表明:中国内资企业的生产链比美国内资企业长,但中国外资企业的生产链比美国外资企业短。从整体看,中国内外资企业的纯国内和GVC生产链变长;而美国内资企业的纯国内和GVC生产链变短,外资企业的纯国内生产链变长、GVC生产链变短。从细分行业看,中国内资企业大多数细分行业的纯国内和GVC生产链变长;外资企业有21个细分行业的纯国内生产链变短,其中有14个行业纯国内生产链变短、GVC生产链变长。美国内资企业的20个细分行业和外资企业的25个细分行业GVC生产链变短。这说明中国内资企业生产分割程度在提高,但外资企业出现了撤资和产业外移的趋势;而美国的内资和外资企业国外生产分割程度降低、回归美国国内生产的趋势比较明显。为此,建议重视制造业对GVC上下游的拉动和促进作用,充分发挥内资企业在深化国内分工、稳定经济方面的支柱作用,并防范外资撤离带来的风险,加强国内产业链的自主性。

Based on global input-output model considering heterogeneity between domestic-owned enterprises(DOEs)and foreign-owned enterprises(FOEs),this paper constructs production length index to compare Chinese and American enterprises’evolution path in global value chain(GVC).The results show that:Chinese DOEs have longer production length than American DOEs,while Chinese FOEs have shorter production length than American FOEs.On the whole,both Chinese DOEs and FOEs’domestic and GVC production length become longer.American DOEs’domestic and GVC production length become shorter,while American FOEs’domestic production length become longer and their GVC production length become shorter.In terms of specific industries,for Chinese DOEs,most industries’domestic and GVC production length become longer.For Chinese FOEs,21 industries’domestic production length become shorter,of which 14 industries’domestic production length become longer and GVC production length become shorter.The GVC production chain of 20 industries of American DOEs and 25 industries of American FOEs become shorter.The results indicate that the production fragmentation of Chinese DOEs is increasing,and the FOEs appear the trend of divestment and industry offshoring,while both DOEs and FOEs in America have reduced fragmentation of foreign production and returned American production.It is suggested that China attach importance to the driving and promoting role of manufacturing industry in upstream and downstream of GVC,attach importance to domestic enterprises’role in deepening the domestic division of labor and stabilizing the economy,guard against the risks caused by the withdrawal of foreign capital,and strengthen the autonomy of domestic industrial chain.