西汉官吏考课有效性的制度保障

System guarantee of effectiveness of official examination in Western Han Dynasty

西汉官吏的考核称为"考课"。考课的有效性指考课的实施过程与结果达成考课目标的程度。西汉政府为了实现考课的目标,建立了较为完备的制度保障体系。从考核对象看,实现了对所有官吏的全覆盖。从信息传递方式看,实现了对官吏的全方位监督。从考核内容看,实现了对官吏的全面考量。从考核频率看,实现了对官吏的日常监督和长时段考察。从考核结果的处理方式看,有效地实现了奖优罚劣。从总体上看,西汉官吏考课的有效性程度很高,但不可避免地存在一些影响有效性的制度缺陷。

The assessment of officials in the Western Han Dynasty is called"examinatioif'.The effectiveness of examination refers to the degree to which the implementation process and result of examination achieve the goal.In order to achieve the goal of examination,the Western Han government established a relatively complete guarantee system.From the perspective of examination object,it realized the full coverage of all officials.From the perspective of information transmission mode,it realized the all-round supervision of officials.From the perspective of assessment content,it realized the comprehensive consideration of officials.From the perspective of assessment frequency,it realized daily supervision and long-term observation of officials.From the perspective of assessment result treatment mode,it effectively realized rewarding the good and punishing the bad.Generally speaking,the effectiveness of the official examination in the Western Han Dynasty is very high,but inevitably there are some institutional defects that affect the effectiveness.