Management of orthostatic intolerance in children: the state of the art

Orthostatic intolerance(OI)is characterized by symptoms and signs of dizziness,headache,visual difficulties,a loss of consciousness,nausea,abdominal discomfort,pallor,tachycardia or hypotension;and OI is primarily elicited by a rapid postural change from supine to standing or prolonged quiet standing which can be resolved by lying down[1,2].About 15%of children and adolescents are affected by OI,with the median peak age of the first OI onset at 15 years[3].OI accounts for a noticeable proportion of emergency department visits.Deliberately or indeliberately,the injection of normal saline always plays a role,which“rescues”the patients.Single or occasional episodes of OI are often overlooked by some patients;and children with recurrent OI symptoms often experience depression,and have diminished quality of life。