美国国家公园体系中历史类公园的建构与特征分析

An Analysis of the Formation and Characteristics of Historic Parks in the US National Park System

美国的国家历史不算悠久,但对具有国家级重要性的历史环境的保护与共享十分重视。这些国家级历史遗产自20世纪初陆续被纳入美国国家公园体系统一管理,以历史类公园的形式成为保护与展示国家历史的重要资源和场所。当前这些历史类公园共包括14种类型、283个公园单位,占整个美国国家公园体系单位总数的2/3。本文即以这283个历史类公园为研究对象,先分述14种类型的形成历程与分类特征,再总结这一历史类公园体系在定位、内容、形成、分布、形态方面的总体特征,以揭示美国国家公园体系通过建立历史类公园实现国家历史环境保护与共享的意图及手段。

The US government attaches great importance to the preservation and enjoyment of its historic environments of national significance,although the country doesn’t have a long history.Those national historic heritages have been gradually included into the management of the US national park system since the beginning of the 20th century and,in the form of historic parks,become major resources and places for preservation and exhibition of national history.At present,there are 283 park units categorized in 14 official types within the national park system,accounting for two-thirds of the total unit number.Based on the statistical analysis of the 283 park units,this paper first examines the formation process and classification of each type and then summarizes the characteristics of historic parks as a whole in terms of mission,content,formation,distribution,and form,so as to reveal why the national park system of the United States has built“historic parks”to realize the preservation and enjoyment of the national historic environments and how.