宋玉《九辩》中的道意

Taoist Implication in the Nine Apologies by Song Yu

道教前史指道教孕育时期的历史。从宗教上看,屈原和宋玉都是道教前史中的重要人物。从文学上看,屈原是辞赋大家,宋玉是赋体作家。从辞赋到赋体,其间既有文体自身的飞跃发展,又有顺理成章的逻辑联系,与屈宋的精神一致性大有关联。《九辩》是宋玉的代表作,用以缅怀屈原,蕴含着丰富的道意。它体现了宋玉总体上的好道倾向,包括逍遥游和道教法术两个方面。宋玉的逍遥游从南征出发,中经一般的遨游,最后走向逍遥游。其涉及的道教法术有焚香祭神、飞升成仙、日常修炼、房中术等。《九辩》还有八个涉及道教的具体意象或人物形象,它们分别是蕙华、太公、凤凰、朱雀、苍龙、雷师、飞廉和诗人。

The pre-history of Taoism refers to the historic period when Taoism was bred up.From the religious point of view,Qu Yuan and Song Yu are both personages in the pre-history of Taoism;in terms of literature,Qu Yuan is a great writer of ci-fu,and Song Yu is a writer of fu.In the genre evolution from ci-fu to fu,there is not only a leap development of genres as such,but also a logic connection,which is closely related to the spiritual consistency of Qu Yuan and Song Yu.Nine Apologies,Song Yu’s representative work,is used to recall Qu Yuan and it contains rich Taoist implication.It is the general embodiment of Song Yu’s Taoist inclination,containing two aspects of free and easy wandering and Taoist manipulations.Song Yu’s free and easy wandering is made up of three stages,namely,a southward journey,some wanderings in general,and a free and easy wandering at last.The Taoist manipulations of Song Yu refers to the incense burning,the immortality flying,the daily cultivation,and the arts of sexual intercourse which is carried out usually in a room in secret,etc..There are also eight concrete images or personages of Taoist in the book,which are Hui Hua,Tai Gong,phoenix,red bird,blue dragon,thunder master,Fei Lian,and poets.