清末华北乡村避难型聚落的形态特征——以山东博山县淄河流域的山寨建筑为例

The Morphological Characteristics of Rural Refuge Settlements in North China in the Late Qing Dynasty——Taking Vernacular Castles in Zihe River Basin of Boshan County as an Example

农村山寨是在社会战乱动荡的历史情境下,乡村社会自发形成的具有防御和避难性质的聚落形态。历史上在山东省博山县东南部山区分布着数量众多的山寨,这些山寨与全国同一时期不同省份的“寨堡”“圩寨”相比,既具有相似性,也具有特殊性。博山县的山寨集中修建于清代咸丰、同治年间及民国时期,主要分布在县境东南部沿淄河展开的南北交通战略要道——长峪道沿途,以及博山县东南部与莱芜蒙沂临朐青州的边境交界地带。在历史上,山寨的修建多与战乱匪患农民起义有关,山寨建筑内部的功能设置以防卫为主,同时兼顾生活功能和信仰功能。山寨在当时的修建和运行由多由当地乡村的“主事人”所主导,而不是由同一个村庄中的所有村民共同建造。山寨的日常的运用组织,与严格意义上的团练存在较大的差距,山寨的战斗能力和防御能力都比较有限。

The rural vernacular castles were spontaneously formed as a defensive and sheltering settlement in the historical context of social turmoil and war.Historically,in the southeastern mountains of Boshan County,Shandong Province,there are a large number of vernacular castles,and these vernacular castles and the same period of time in different provinces of the country"Zhai Fort""WeiZhai"compared,both similar and special.Boshan County's fortress was built in the Qing dynasty Xianfeng,Tongzhi years and the Republic of China period,mainly in the southeastern part of the county along the Zihe River along the north-south traffic strategy-Changyu Road,as well as the southeastern part of Boshan County and Laiwu Mengyi Linqu Qingzhou border junction.In history,the construction of the fortress is mostly related to the war bandits and peasant uprisings,and the function of the internal settings of the fortress building is mainly defense,while taking into account the function of life and faith.At that time,the construction and operation of vernacular castles were mostly led by the"chiefs"of the local villages,rather than being built by all villagers in the same village.The organization of the daily life of a vernacular castles differed greatly from the strict sense of the term,and the fighting and defensive capabilities of a vernacular castles were limited.