基于FDS的老旧商场火灾模拟及疏散方案

Fire Simulation and Evacuation Plan for Old Emporium Based on FDS

老旧商场由于通风和消防设施不齐全,一旦发生火灾,会产生大量有毒有害气体,对人员的安全疏散造成严重影响.针对上述问题,以某老旧商场为例,研究在相对密闭且消防设施不完备的条件下发生火灾时,温度和烟尘的分布情况及烟筒效应和抽吸作用对烟尘分布的影响,并制定人员疏散方案.根据该商场的具体条件使用FDS软件建模,在商场内6个具有代表性的位置设置火源并设置3个出口.模拟各火源在火灾发生后300 s内的烟尘扩散速度、到达出口的时间,以及这3个出口处的温度随时间的变化规律.研究结果表明:1楼楼梯间发生火灾对人员撤离的影响最大;火灾过程中,烟筒效应和抽吸作用对烟尘扩散的影响显著;制定合理的疏散方案可以更大程度地保障老旧商场人员的安全疏散,同时可以节约更多的人力物力.

In the old shopping malls,due to the incomplete ventilation and fire-fighting facilities,in the event of a fire,a large amount of toxic and harmful gases would be generated,which would seriously affect the safe evacuation of personnel.In view of the above problems,an old shopping mall was taken as an example to study the temperature and soot distribution in the case of fire in a relatively closed and incomplete fire-fighting facility,and the effect of the chimney effect and suction on the distribution of smoke and dust,and a personnel evacuation plan was formulated.According to the specific conditions of the mall,the FDS software was used to model the fire source and three outlets were set up in six representative locations in the mall.The diffusion velocity of smoke and the time of reaching the exit within 300 s after the fire were simulated,and the temperature variation of these three outlets with time was also simulated.The results showed that fires in the stairwells on the first floor have the greatest impact on evacuation.During the fire,the chimney effect and the suction effect have a significant effect on the soot diffusion.The establishment of a reasonable evacuation plan can ensure the safe evacuation of the old mall personnel,and at the same time save more manpower and material resources.