特赦的司法处理:性质、程序与效力

Judicial Process of Amnesty:Nature,Procedures and Effectiveness

特赦是国家治理中的重要课题。2019年第九次特赦彰显了我国法治文明、政治自信的良好形象,值得肯定。我国的特赦具有附带实质条件、需要司法审查处理的特点。在程序启动上,主要以“自上而下”的依职权特赦为主,但法律并不反对未来逐步尝试“自下而上”的依当事人申请特赦。特赦审查前的调查评估应由司法行政机关负责,嗣后的特赦审查程序由法院主导,以对特赦对象的符合性和特赦条件的完备性进行审查判断。需要明确,特赦的效力只及于刑,不及于罪,不能影响原审裁判的确定力。在特赦程序中,还需充分保障被特赦人的正当权利,允许他们适当参与特赦的司法处理并赋予其一定的程序性权利。此外,《刑事诉讼法》关于特赦的规定有违宪风险和解释困难,需要适当修正。

Amnesty is an important issue in national governance.The ninth amnesty in 2019 manifests China’s legal civilization and political confidence,and thus it is worthy of recognition.The amnesty in China is under the incidental substantive conditions and can only be processed after judicial review.In respect to the initiation of the procedure,amnesty in China is mainly ex officio which goes from the superior to the subordinate,but it’s not opposed by the law that the amnesty applied by the party can be gradually attempted in the future,which goes from the subordinate to the superior.The investigation and evaluation before amnesty shall be undertaken by the administrative organizations of justice and the subsequent amnesty review procedures shall be led by the court to examine and judge the conformity of the amnesty subject and the completeness of the amnesty conditions.It needs to be clarified that the effectiveness of amnesty is only for punishment,not for crime,so the validity of trial judge remains unaffected.In the amnesty procedures,it is also necessary to fully protect the legitimate rights of the amnesty subject,allowing them to participate appropriately in the judicial process of the amnesty and giving them certain procedural rights.In addition,the provisions on amnesty in The Code of Criminal Procedure are potentially unconstitutional and difficult to be explained,which requires appropriate amendments.