清初大家朱彝尊政治转变考论

A Study on Zhu Yizun's Shift in Political Stance in the Early Qing Dynasty

清初大家朱彝尊向以学术文章著称,其转向遗民的身份则鲜为学界注意。青年朱彝尊以明遗民自处,褒扬忠义,批判变节,广泛结交抗清义士,参加秘密抗清活动;随着清政权统治根基渐稳,清廷对汉族士人政策不断调整,兼之个人窘迫经济状况的促发以及传统文士不朽情怀等多种因素共同影响作用下,朱彝尊由游幕、结附到应试、出仕,逐渐完成了政治转向。这对朱彝尊的经济境况、政治声望、学术研究、文学创作等多个方面都产生了重大影响。考察朱彝尊政治转变史实,论述其转变的原因,探讨其转变的影响,既是对朱彝尊专人研究的一个突破,又可为检视与解读清初转向遗民群体的政治转变现象提供个案参考。朱彝尊个人的政治转变还展现了清初由乱而治、满汉异质文化由龃龉到调和的过程,也全面鲜活地揭示了清廷遗民政策的成效。

Zhu Yizun was a master famous for his academic research and articles in the early Qing dynasty.But his identity as a“convert”has not been attached much attention the academic circles.In his youth,Zhu Yizun considered himself as an adherent of the Ming dynasty,praising loyalty while criticizing apostasy.He extensively made friends with people who were against the Qing government,and participated in secret anti-Qing activities.As the the Qing government gradually consolidated its regime and continued to adjust its policy on Han scholars,Zhu Yizun,under the influence of both his personal economic distress and the traditional aspiration of scholars,gradually completed the shift in political stance from serving as an aid and advisor of local officials,and making acquaintance with literary authorities,to taking the examination and becoming an official of the Qing dynasty.This change exerted great influence on his economic situation,political prestige,academic research and literary creation.Studying Zhu Yizun s shift in political stance,discussing its reasons,and exploring its influence not only is a breakthrough in the specific study on himself but also can provide reference for the inspection on the phenomenon of adherents conversion in the early Qing dynasty.Zhu s personal shift also reflected the change from turbulence to peace and prosperity in the early Qing dynasty and Manchu and Han cultures turning from conflict to reconciliation,and it vividly revealed the success of Qing s police on the Ming adherents as well.