蓝草类药材的本草考证

Textual research on medicinal blue herbs

该文通过历代本草、医籍、方书的收集整理,结合近现代文献资料对蓝草类药材的名称、基原、产地、药用部位、采收加工及炮制的历史变迁进行了系统的梳理与考证。经考证可知蓝草最早以果实入药即蓝实,基原为蓼科植物蓼蓝Polygonum tinctorium,明清以后蓝实应用较少,至今临床已不再使用;魏晋时期药用部位扩展至茎叶,且多以取汁入药;唐代以来基原扩展至十字花科菘蓝Isatis indigotica、爵床科马蓝(板蓝)Baphicacanthus cusia、豆科木蓝Indigofera tinctoria、菊科植物吴蓝等;宋代扩展至根,始现"板蓝根",并逐步成为蓝类药材的主流药用部位,其主流基原为马蓝B.cusia,自清代将十字花科菘蓝逐步做为了正品板蓝根,而马蓝B.cusia则成为南板蓝根。青黛最早是从国外进口用来画眉的矿物染料,后作药用,又名青蛤粉,因发现其与蓝草的提取物功效一致,而将国产靛花亦命名为青黛,持续至今。大青叶历代主流均为马鞭草科大青属植物大青Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum的干燥茎叶,然自清代以来,逐步将菘蓝Isatis indigotica、蓼蓝P.tinctorium等蓝草的茎叶混入作为替代,并逐步成为主流。

In this paper,through the collection and collation of ancient herbs,medical books and prescriptions,combined with modern literature,the historical changes of the name,origin,position,medicinal parts,collection,processing and processing of bluegrass were systematically combed and verified.It can be seen from the research that bluegrass was first used as medicine by the fruit,namely blueberry,which was originally Polygonum tinctorium.Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties,blueberry was rarely used,and it has been no longer used medicinally.In the Wei and Jin Dynasties,the medicinal parts extended to the stems and leaves,and most of them used juice as medicine.Since the Tang Dynasty,origin has been extended to Isatis indigotica,Baphicacanthus cusia,Indigofera tinctoria,Compositae plant Wulan,etc.In the Song Dynasty,the medicinal parts extended to the roots,and the"Banlangen"began to appear,and gradually became the main medicinal parts of blue medicinal materials,the main base of which was B.cusia.Since the Qing Dynasty,I.indigotica,a Cruciferae,has gradually become a genuine indigo root,while B.cusia has become a southern indigo root.It was the first mineral dye imported from abroad for thrush,and then used as medicine,also known as clam powder.Because it was found that it had the same effect with the extract of bluegrass,it was also named indigo naturalis in China,which has lasted till now.The main stream of Isatidis Folium in the past dynasties is the dry stem and leaf of Clerodendrum cyrtophylum.Since the Qing Dynasty,the stem and leaf of Isatis indigotica,P.tinctorium and other blue grasses have been gradually mixed as substitutes and gradually become the mainstream.