清代“纲盐制”与“票盐制”的反转与博弈——兼谈盐业管理中的国家法与民间规则

The Competing and Alternating"Gangyan System"and"Piaoyan System"in Qing Dynasty——Taking the National Laws and Non-governmental Rules in Salt Management as an Example

清初盐业管理制度为专商引案制,以官督商销为主,由大盐商垄断盐业,因此也产生了许多弊端。清代中期开始对这一制度进行改革,但效果却不理想。盐商的垄断、私盐的泛滥等问题曾一度对清政府的管理和统治产生极为严重的影响,及至清代后期,关于盐业制度的改革措施均被废除,这也标志着清代盐业管理制度走向衰落。

In the early Qing dynasty,the salt industry managerial system was introduced according to which salt was on the whole controlled by the government and sold by certain chartered merchants.In the middle of the dynasty,the government began to reform this system with little actual improvement.The monopolization of salt by merchants and the rampant sales of illegal salt once had a serious impact on the government management.In the late Qing dynasty,all the relevant reformative measures were abolished,marking the decline of the salt managerial system of the Qing government.