战国秦汉的国人意识与族群认同

The National Consciousness and Ethnic Identity in the Warring States and Qin-Han Period

战国时期,随着列国的人群凝聚,形成兼具政治认同和族群认同的“国人”意识。秦朝统一后,意图整合“诸夏”,塑造新“秦人”认同。但秦国法制与六国旧俗的冲突,激起六国故民的反秦情绪,以致秦帝国崩溃和新“秦人”认同瓦解。秦汉之际,列国“国人”意识复生,“汉人”作为政治人群出现。至汉武帝朝,诸侯国渐与汉郡相差几无,“诸侯国人”转变为汉朝编户,接受了“汉人”身份。同时,在汉帝国与周边族群的互动中,汉朝吏民的内聚力得到强化,“汉人”的族属性质得以凸显。在政治、文化和制度的共同作用下,兼具政治体和族群性质的“汉人”认同最终确立,完成“统一华夏”的凝聚与重塑。

In the Warring States Period,with the cohesion of crowd of states,the national consciousness was formed.After the unification of the Qin Dynasty,Emperor Qin intended to integrate the Hua Xia and shape the new national identity of the Qin Dynasty.However,the conflict between the legal system of the Qin Dynasty and the feudal customs of Six Kingdoms aroused anti-Qin sentiments of the adherents of Six Kingdoms,which led to the collapse of the Qin Empire and the disintegration of the new national identity of Qin Dynasty.In the Qin-Han dynasties,the national consciousness was rebuilt and the Han people appeared as a political crowd.By Han Wu Dynasty,the vassal states were almost the same as prefectures of the Han Dynasty.The people of vassal states changed into registered civilians of Han Dynasty and accepted their identities as Han civilians.In the meanwhile,in the interaction between the Han Empire and the Peripheral communities,the cohesion of officials and civilians was strengthened and the properties of family of the Hans was highlighted.Under the combined action of politics,culture and system,the national consciousness of Han people with both political and ethnic characteristics was finally established,and the cohesion and of“unified Huaxia”was finally completed.