民刑交叉视角下商标刑事保护边界研究

A Research on the Boundary of Trademark Criminal Protection from the Perspective of Cross Application of Civil and Criminal Laws

民事救济与刑事制裁均是保护商标权的有效手段,对两种保护方式的加强使二者在范围上产生了重合的趋势。加强商标权的刑事保护,应当从降低犯罪门槛入手,而不应增加商标犯罪的行为类型。盲目扩大商标刑事保护范围反而会降低商标符号资源的配置效率,不利于营商环境的优化。基于民法与刑法所保护法益的差别,二者应当在规制的对象、行为方式和行为程度上有清晰的界限。商标刑事犯罪的对象应当以获得注册为条件,包括商品商标、服务商标、集体商标和证明商标。假冒注册商标罪的判定中不存在"混淆可能性"标准适用的空间。通过新设罪名的方式对仿冒等一般侵权行为进行刑事制裁亦不可取。降低数额在罪量因素中的权重,可以在明确民刑保护界限的同时,加大对商标犯罪的打击力度。

Both civil remedies and criminal sanctions are effective means to protect the trademark right. The strengthening of the two protection methods renders their respective scope overlap to a certain degree. To strengthen criminal protection of trademark right, it is advisable to lower crime threshold rather than increase behavioral types of trademark crime. Blindly expand trademark criminal protection scope may instead undermine the allocative efficiency of trademark symbols, not conducive to optimize the business environment. Given the different legal interest protected by civil law and criminal law, the regulated objects, behavioral pattern, and degree of behavior between the two laws should be clearly demarcated. Targets of trademark crime should be conditioned on registration, including registered goods mark, service mark, collective trademark, and certification trademark. There is no room for applying the "likelihood of confusion" criterion in determining counterfeit registered trademark crime. It is also inadvisable to impose criminal sanction on general tort, such as passing-off, by establishing new name of crime. Lowering the weight of amount in quantitative factors of crime can intensify crackdown on trademark crime, meanwhile maintaining clarity between the boundary of civil law and criminal law.