由“思议”而“静默”:冯友兰哲学方法论的程序解读

From Meditation to Silence: Procedural Interpretation of FENG Youlan’s Philosophical Methodology

20世纪中国哲学的方法论之争,促使冯友兰重建哲学方法论。理解冯友兰的哲学方法论,关键在处理“正的方法”与“负的方法”之运用过程与实践程序。“正的方法”借助分析思辨,通过对特定概念命题的重新“赋义”,建立哲学的思想对象与观念架构。“负的方法”则基于前者提供的知识信息,借助一系列特殊的“说”、“显明”、“体悟”等手段达成认识的飞跃。“负的方法”必须借助分析思辨、综合判断,是将传统直觉法纳入理性化、程序化、科学化认识的哲学方法,其既不排斥理性,亦非纯粹的“静默”、“冥想”。正、负方法论在运用程序上是“语言”、“分析”、“判断”、“静默”的理性统一,本质是思辨与直觉的内在融合,能够提供知识性和普遍性的哲学观念。恰当运用思辨法与直觉法,可以为中国哲学的现代开展提供方法论保证。

The key to understand Feng Youlan s philosophical methodology is to deal with the application process and practical procedure of “analytical method”and “intuitive method”.“Analytical method” is to establish the conceptual framework and ideological object of philosophy by means of rational speculation and “re-paraphrasing”specific concept propositions.“Intuitive method”is based on the knowledge information provided by the former,with the help of a series of special “say”、“manifest” and “comprehend” to achieve a cognitive leap. The “negative method” must rely on analysis, speculation and comprehensive judgment。It is a philosophical method that brings the traditional intuitive method into the rational,procedural and scientific way. It neither repels rationality nor is it pure silence or meditation. Its methodology is the unity of language, analysis, judgment and silence in the application procedure. Its essence is the internal integration of speculation and intuition,which can provide the philosophical concepts of knowledge and universality. The proper use of speculative and intuitive methods can provide methodological guarantee for the development of modern Chinese philosophy.