收容教养在公法上的性质及实施的相关问题研究

Study on the Nature and Implementation of Rehabilitation under Public Law

对无刑事责任能力人所实施之重大违法行为施以非刑罚处分,以保持社会治安,同时矫治改善行为人,是设置收容教养制度的必要性基础。决定处以收容教养的前提是,无责任能力人实施了违法层面的犯罪行为。在此基础上,是否处以收容教养,应当依据行为人所实施之不法行为所显示出的人身危险性。因此,刑法第十七条第四款、预防未成年人犯罪法第三十八条所规定的“在必要的时候”,应当解释为行为人具有将来之危险性时(一般形式要件)。由于收容教养为公法上对特定行为人所实施的重大基本权干预,因此“在必要的时候”决定处以收容教养也意指符合比例原则(一般实质要件)。运用体系解释,横向比较其他公法上限制人身自由的行为,鉴于其干预人身自由的程度与非紧迫性,还应当设置法官保留(特殊形式要件)。以上三个方面的要素,构成收容教养干预人身自由正当性的依据。

The necessity of rehabilitation is to rehabilitate the ones who are under the minimum age of criminal responsibility but violate the Criminal Law and maintain public order.Under the minimum age of criminal responsibility and violation of Criminal Law are the precondition for adjudicating rehabilition to persons.Besides,there are tree requirements to meet,which constitutes the basis for adjudication of rehabilitation.First of all,the persons who are adjudicated of rehabilitation must have personal danger;Secondly,adjudication of rehabilition should follow the principle of proportionality;Lastly,rehabilitation ought to be decided by courts.