凯末尔时代土耳其经济发展中的“国家主义”

Analysis on Statism of Turkish Economic Development in Kemal Era

囿于复杂的地缘格局和内部政治斗争,土耳其自建国伊始,"国家主义"就与"自由主义"发展哲学共同构成了国民经济发展的一体两面,二者的最终目的都是为了实现经济独立。特殊的国情决定了二者既互相对立又相辅相成的关系。1929年世界经济危机爆发后,"国家主义"理论开始在土耳其实现本土化,并借助"骨干运动"的动员具备了民意基础,最终成为凯末尔主义的基本原则之一,在工业发展、农业和社会改革以及财政收支平衡中起到了重要作用。二元化的经济发展哲学,一方面催生出土耳其实力庞大的国有企业,另一方面也探索出国家与市场相结合的特殊发展道路,主导了其后数十年土耳其的经济发展模式。分析"国家主义"在土耳其的沉浮及其影响,对于理解当前土耳其的发展道路与改革举措具有重要的启示意义。

Due to the complicated geopolitical pattern and internal political situation,two types of economic philosophies"Statism"and"Liberalism"have constituted the path of Turkey’s national economic development since its establishment.In order to achieve the ultimate goal of economic independence,the two kinds of economic philosophies oppose each other while also complement each other under different circumstances.Because of the impacts of the Great Depression in 1929,the localized"Statism"proposed by the"Kadro Movement"cemented foundation of the public opinion and became one of the basic principles of Kemalism.It played a significant role in industrial development,agriculture and social reforms as well as balance of payments.As a result,the dualistic economic theory not only generated new powerful state-owned enterprises,but also explored a special development model that combines government with market,which dominated the economic development model of Turkey for decades.In this study,the developmental trajectory and effects of"Statism"thoughts in Turkey will be analyzed.This study is also beneficial for understanding the current economic reforms in Turkey.